Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe ahlukahlukene emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi amazwe athuthukile ezimbonini, athathe ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali amahle njengelinye lamasu abalulekile okuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokulungiswa kwezimboni zamakhemikhali zendabuko, futhi izimboni zabo zamakhemikhali sezithuthuke ngendlela efanayo. "yokuhlukahluka" kanye "nokucwengwa". Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo komnotho wenhlalakahle, isidingo sabantu sezinto zikagesi, izimoto, imboni yemishini, izinto ezintsha zokwakha, amandla amasha nezinto ezintsha zokuvikela imvelo zizokwanda. Amakhemikhali kagesi nolwazi, amakhemikhali obunjiniyela bangaphezulu, amakhemikhali emithi, njll. Ngokuthuthuka okwengeziwe, imakethe yamakhemikhali amahle emhlabeni wonke izogcina izinga lokukhula ngokushesha kunemboni yamakhemikhali evamile.
*Amakhemikhali amahle
Amakhemikhali amahle abhekisela kumakhemikhali anomthamo omkhulu wobuchwepheshe, inani eliphakeme elengeziwe kanye nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu okungathuthukisa noma ukunikeza umkhiqizo (uhlobo) imisebenzi ethile noma abe nemisebenzi ethile ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kweqoqo elincane, futhi angamakhemikhali ayisisekelo. Umkhiqizo wokucubungula okujulile.
Ngo-1986, uMnyango Wangaphambili Wemboni Yamakhemikhali wahlukanisa imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle yaba izigaba ezingu-11: (1) izibulala-zinambuzane; (2) odayi; (3) izinto zokumboza (kuhlanganise nopende noyinki); (4) izingulube; (5) ama-reagents nezinto ezihlanzeke kakhulu (6) Amakhemikhali olwazi (okuhlanganisa izinto ezithinta izithombe, izinto zikazibuthe namanye amakhemikhali angathola amaza kagesi); (7) Izithasiselo zokudla neziphakeli; (8) Izinto zokunamathisela; (9) Ama-Catalyst kanye nezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene; ( 10) Amakhemikhali (izinto zokusetshenziswa) kanye namakhemikhali ansuku zonke (akhiqizwe uhlelo lwamakhemikhali); (11) Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-polymer kuma-polymers we-polymer (kufaka phakathi amafilimu asebenzayo, izinto zokwenziwa kwe-polarizing, njll.). Ngokuthuthuka komnotho wezwe, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kuzoqhubeka nokukhula, futhi izigaba ezintsha zizoqhubeka nokwanda.
Amakhemikhali amahle anezici ezilandelayo:
(1) Imikhiqizo enhlobonhlobo nenhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza
Kunezigaba ezingama-40-50 zamakhemikhali amahle emhlabeni jikelele, anezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100,000. Amakhemikhali amahle asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengemithi, odayi, izibulala-zinambuzane, okokugqoka, izinto ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke zamakhemikhali, izinto zikagesi, amakhemikhali ephepha, oyinki, izithasiselo zokudla, izithasiselo zokudla, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, njll., kanye nasemkhathini. , i-biotechnology, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi, izinto ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe obusha bamandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zisetshenziswa kakhulu.
(2) Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuyinkimbinkimbi
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali amahle, futhi umkhiqizo ofanayo ophakathi unganwetshwa kokuphuma kokunye okumbalwa noma inqwaba ngezinjongo ezihlukene ngezinqubo ezahlukene. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyashintsha, futhi ubuchwepheshe buyinkimbinkimbi. Zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali zidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwelabhorethri, ukuhlolwa okuncane, ukuhlolwa komshayeli bese kuba ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Kudingeka futhi zibuyekezwe noma zithuthukiswe ngesikhathi ngokuya ngezinguquko ezidingweni zamakhasimende angezansi. Izidingo zokuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ziphezulu, futhi inkampani idinga ukukhiqiza Ngokuqhubekayo ithuthukise inqubo futhi iqongelele ulwazi kule nqubo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphuma kokunye kwemikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali ezigabeni, ukuqoqwa kolwazi ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza kanye nekhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha kuwukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwebhizinisi lamakhemikhali elihle.
(3) Inani eliphakeme elengeziwe lemikhiqizo
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ehilelekile emikhiqizweni yamakhemikhali amahle yinde futhi idinga imisebenzi eminingi yamayunithi amaningi. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ihlangabezana nezimo zokusabela okuthambile, indawo yokusebenza ephephile, kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthile ukuze kuzuzwe amakhemikhali Ukuhlukaniswa okulula kanye nesivuno esikhulu somkhiqizo kudinga ubuchwepheshe benqubo yezinga eliphezulu kanye nemishini yokusabela. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali ngokuvamile inenani eliphakeme elengeziwe.
(4) Izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe
Ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, amakhemikhali amahle avela njengemisebenzi ebanzi yemikhiqizo. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali, nokusebenzisa ngokugcwele ukubambisana okuhlangene kwamakhemikhali amahle nezinye izinhlanganisela ekukhiqizeni amafomu omthamo. Kunezidingo ezihlukahlukene zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni, futhi kunzima ngomkhiqizo owodwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza noma ukusetshenziswa. Thatha imboni yokuhlanza amanzi lapho inkampani ikhona njengesibonelo. Amakhemikhali akhethekile asetshenziswa kulo mkhakha ahlanganisa ama-fungicides nama-algaecides, ama-Scale agents, ama-corrosion inhibitors, ama-flocculants, njll., kanye nama-chemical agents enhloso ngayinye angahlanganiswa ngama-chemical agents amaningana.
(5) Umkhiqizo une-viscosity ephezulu kumakhasimende angezansi
Imikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo yokukhiqiza yezimboni noma ukufeza imisebenzi ethile yemikhiqizo engaphansi komfula. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi banezidingo eziphakeme zekhwalithi nokuqina komkhiqizo, futhi inqubo yokukhetha abahlinzeki kanye namazinga aqinile. Uma usufakiwe ohlwini lwabahlinzeki, Ngeke kushintshwe kalula.