Iqembu le-Cyano linomgoqo oqinile kanye nokumuncwa kwama-electron, ngakho-ke lingangena shí kuphrotheni eliqondiwe ukuze lakhe izibopho ze-hydrogen nama-amino acid residues abalulekile endaweni esebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu le-cyano liyi-bioelectronic isosteric body ye-carbonyl, i-halogen namanye amaqembu asebenzayo, okungathuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule amancane ezidakamizwa namaprotheni aqondiwe, ngakho-ke lisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo kwemithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane [1]. I-cyano emele equkethe imithi yezokwelapha ifaka i-saxagliptin (Isithombe 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njll.; Imithi yezolimo ifaka i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalo njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cyano compounds nawo anenani elibalulekile lokusetshenziswa emikhakheni yephunga, izinto ezisebenzayo njalo njalo. Isibonelo, i-Citronitrile iyiphunga elisha le-nitrile lomhlaba wonke, kanti i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile iyinto eluhlaza ebalulekile yokulungiselela izinto zekristalu yoketshezi. Kungabonakala ukuthi ama-cyano compounds asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile [2].

Iqembu le-Cyano linomgoqo oqinile kanye nokumuncwa kwama-electron, ngakho-ke lingangena shí kuphrotheni eliqondiwe ukuze lakhe izibopho ze-hydrogen nama-amino acid residues abalulekile endaweni esebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu le-cyano liyi-bioelectronic isosteric body ye-carbonyl, i-halogen namanye amaqembu asebenzayo, okungathuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule amancane ezidakamizwa namaprotheni aqondiwe, ngakho-ke lisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo kwemithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane [1]. I-cyano emele equkethe imithi yezokwelapha ifaka i-saxagliptin (Isithombe 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njll.; Imithi yezolimo ifaka i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalo njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cyano compounds nawo anenani elibalulekile lokusetshenziswa emikhakheni yephunga, izinto ezisebenzayo njalo njalo. Isibonelo, i-Citronitrile iyiphunga elisha le-nitrile lomhlaba wonke, kanti i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile iyinto eluhlaza ebalulekile yokulungiselela izinto zekristalu yoketshezi. Kungabonakala ukuthi ama-cyano compounds asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile [2].

2.2 ukusabela kwe-electrophilic cyanidation kwe-enol boride

Ithimba likaKensuke Kiyokawa [4] lisebenzise ama-reagent e-cyanide i-n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) kanye ne-p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) ukuze kufezwe i-cyanidation esebenza kahle kakhulu ye-electrophilic yama-compounds e-enol boron (Isithombe 3). Ngalesi sikimu esisha, i-β- Acetonitrile ehlukahlukene, futhi inezinhlobo eziningi ze-substrates.

2.3 ukusabela kwe-organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide kwama-ketone

Muva nje, ithimba lohlu lukaBenjamin [5] libike kumagazini i-Nature ngokwahlukana kwe-enantiomeric kwe-2-butanone (Isithombe 4a) kanye nokusabela kwe-cyanide okungalingani kwe-2-butanone ngama-enzyme, ama-catalyst e-organic kanye nama-catalyst e-transition metal, kusetshenziswa i-HCN noma i-tmscn njenge-reagent ye-cyanide (Isithombe 4b). Nge-tmscn njenge-reagent ye-cyanide, i-2-butanone kanye nohlu olubanzi lwama-ketones abhekene nokusabela kwe-silyl cyanide okune-enantioselective kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ze-catalytic ze-idpi (Isithombe 4C).

Umfanekiso 4 A, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-enantiomeric kwe-2-butanone. b. Ukwehlukaniswa kwe-cyanidation kwe-2-butanone okulinganiselwe ngama-enzyme, ama-catalyst e-organic kanye nama-catalyst ensimbi yokuguquguquka.

c. I-Idpi ivuselela ukusabela kwe-silyl cyanide ene-enantioselective ephezulu ye-2-butanone kanye nohlu olubanzi lwama-ketone.

2.4 ukwehlisa i-cyanidation yama-aldehydes

Ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, i-tosmic eluhlaza isetshenziswa njenge-cyanide reagent ukuguqula kalula ama-aldehyde avinjelwe yi-sterically abe ama-nitriles. Le ndlela isetshenziswa futhi ukwethula i-athomu yekhabhoni eyengeziwe ibe ama-aldehyde nama-ketone. Le ndlela inokubaluleka okwakhayo ekwakhiweni okuphelele kwe-jiadifenolide kwe-Enantiospecific futhi iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, njengokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo efana ne-clerodane, i-caribenol A kanye ne-caribenol B [6] (Isithombe 5).

2.5 ukusabela kwe-cyanide ye-electrochemical ye-amine ephilayo

Njengobuchwepheshe bokwenziwa okuluhlaza, ukwenziwa kwe-electrochemical organic kuye kwasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi abaningi baye bakunaka. Ithimba likaPrashanthW. Menezes [7] libike muva nje ukuthi i-aromatic amine noma i-aliphatic amine ingafakwa ngqo kuma-cyano compounds ahambisanayo kusisombululo se-1m KOH (ngaphandle kokwengeza i-cyanide reagent) enekhono elingaguquki elingu-1.49vrhe kusetshenziswa i-catalyst ye-Ni2Si eshibhile, enesivuno esikhulu (Isithombe 6).

Isifinyezo se-03

I-Cyanidation iyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kusukela emcabangweni we-green chemistry, ama-reagent e-cyanide anobungani nemvelo asetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni sama-reagent e-cyanide anobuthi futhi ayingozi, kanti izindlela ezintsha ezifana nokushiswa kwemisebe okungenaso isinyibilikisi, okungasebenzisi i-catalytic kanye ne-microwave ziyasetshenziswa ukwandisa ububanzi kanye nokujula kocwaningo, ukuze kukhiqizwe izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho, zenhlalo kanye nezemvelo ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni [8]. Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kocwaningo lwesayensi, ukusabela kwe-cyanide kuzothuthuka kube yisivuno esikhulu, umnotho kanye ne-green chemistry.