Iqembu le-Cyano line-polarity eqinile nokumuncwa kwama-electron, ngakho-ke lingangena lijule kuphrotheni eliqondiwe ukuze lenze amabhondi e-hydrogen anezinsalela ezibalulekile ze-amino acid kusayithi elisebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu le-cyano liwumzimba we-bioelectronic isosteric we-carbonyl, i-halogen namanye amaqembu asebenzayo, angathuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule amancane ezidakamizwa kanye namaprotheni okuhlosiwe, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo semithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane [1] . I-cyano emele equkethe izidakamizwa zezokwelapha ihlanganisa i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njll; Izidakamizwa zezolimo zihlanganisa i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalonjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cyano compounds nawo anenani elibalulekile lesicelo emikhakheni yephunga, izinto ezisebenzayo nokunye. Isibonelo, i-Citronitrile iyiphunga elimnandi le-nitrile lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile iyimpahla ebalulekile yokulungisa izinto zekristalu ewuketshezi. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ama-cyano compounds asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile [2].

Iqembu le-Cyano line-polarity eqinile nokumuncwa kwama-electron, ngakho-ke lingangena lijule kuphrotheni eliqondiwe ukuze lenze amabhondi e-hydrogen anezinsalela ezibalulekile ze-amino acid kusayithi elisebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu le-cyano liwumzimba we-bioelectronic isosteric we-carbonyl, i-halogen namanye amaqembu asebenzayo, angathuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule amancane ezidakamizwa kanye namaprotheni okuhlosiwe, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo semithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane [1] . I-cyano emele equkethe izidakamizwa zezokwelapha ihlanganisa i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njll; Izidakamizwa zezolimo zihlanganisa i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalonjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cyano compounds nawo anenani elibalulekile lesicelo emikhakheni yephunga, izinto ezisebenzayo nokunye. Isibonelo, i-Citronitrile iyiphunga elimnandi le-nitrile lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile iyimpahla ebalulekile yokulungisa izinto zekristalu ewuketshezi. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ama-cyano compounds asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile [2].

2.2 ukusabela kwe-electrophilic cyanidation ye-enol boride

Ithimba lika-Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] lisebenzise ama-cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) kanye ne-p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwe-electrophilic cyanidation ye-enol boron compounds (Umfanekiso 3). Ngalolu hlelo olusha, i-β- Acetonitrile ehlukahlukene, futhi inohlu olubanzi lwama-substrates.

2.3 Ukusabela kwe-organic catalytic stereoelective silico cyanide kwama-ketone

Muva nje, ithimba lohlu lwakwaBenjamin [5] libike kujenali ye-Nature umehluko we-enantiomeric we-2-butanone (Umfanekiso 4a) kanye nokusabela kwe-asymmetric cyanide ye-2-butanone ngama-enzyme, ama-organic catalysts kanye nama-catalysts ensimbi eguqukayo, kusetshenziswa i-HCN noma i-tmscn njenge-cyanide reagent. (Umfanekiso 4b). Nge-tmscn njenge-reagent ye-cyanide, i-2-butanone kanye nohlu olubanzi lwamanye ama-ketone angaphansi kokusabela kwe-silyl cyanide enantioselective kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhuthazayo ze-idpi (Umfanekiso 4C).

Umfanekiso 4 A, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-enantiomeric kwe-2-butanone. b. I-asymmetric cyanidation ye-2-butanone enama-enzyme, ama-organic catalysts kanye nama-catalysts ensimbi yenguquko.

c. I-Idpi ivuselela ukusabela kwe-silyl cyanide enantioselective kakhulu kwe-2-butanone kanye nohlu olubanzi lwamanye ama-ketone.

2.4 i-cyanidation enciphisa ama-aldehydes

Ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, i-tosmic eluhlaza isetshenziswa njenge-reagent ye-cyanide ukuguqula kalula ama-aldehyde avinjiwe abe ama-nitriles. Le ndlela iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwethula i-athomu ye-carbon eyengeziwe kuma-aldehydes nama-ketone. Le ndlela inokubaluleka okwakhayo ekuhlanganiseni okuphelele kwe-Enantiospecific ye-jiadifenolide futhi iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, njengokuhlanganiswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo efana ne-clerodane, i-caribenol A ne-caribenol B [6] (Umfanekiso 5).

2.5 ukusabela kwe-electrochemical cyanide ye-organic amine

Njengobuchwepheshe be-green synthesis, i-organic electrochemical synthesis isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ye-organic synthesis. Eminyakeni yamuva, bayanda abacwaningi abaye bayinaka. PrashanthW. Ithimba le-Menezes [7] lisanda kubika ukuthi i-amine enuka kamnandi noma i-aliphatic amine ingafakwa i-oxid ngokuqondile kumakhompiyutha e-cyano ahambisanayo kusixazululo se-1m KOH (ngaphandle kokungeza i-cyanide reagent) enamandla ahlala e-1.49vrhe esebenzisa i-Ni2Si catalyst eshibhile, enesivuno esiphezulu (Umfanekiso 6) .

03 isifinyezo

I-Cyanidation iyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokusabela kwe-organic synthesis. Kusukela emcabangweni we-green chemistry, ama-reagents e-cyanide anobungani bemvelo asetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sezinto zendabuko ezinobuthi neziyingozi ze-cyanide, nezindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-solvent-free, non catalytic kanye ne-microwave irradiation zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa ububanzi nokujula kocwaningo. njengokukhiqiza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho, zezenhlalo nezemvelo ekukhiqizeni izimboni [8]. Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kocwaningo lwesayensi, ukusabela kwe-cyanide kuzothuthukisa isivuno esikhulu, umnotho kanye namakhemikhali aluhlaza.