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Abaphakathi: I-Dyestuff intermediates iyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle, futhi ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemboni ye-dyestuff kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kwe-intermediate ehamba nayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-dyestuff kanye ne-pigment intermediates e-China kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950. Ngokuncintisana okushubile emakethe, i-dyestuff ne-pigment intermediates iye yasungulwa kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza; baye benza intuthuko ezicini eziningana ezifana nokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha, ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukucwaninga izindlela ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, njll., nokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bokukhiqiza udayi kanye ne-pigment intermediate.
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Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuphakathi

Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kokuthuthukiswa okuphakathi kunezici eziningi, okuphakathi okuthile okusetshenziselwa udayi okubizwa ngokuthi ama-dyes intermediates, futhi kusetshenziselwa izibulala-zinambuzane, imithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuthi, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Abaphakathi kufanele babhekwe njengegatsha lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle iyonke, akufanele ihlukaniswe ngokuqinile ibe yi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates yimboni, okuzonciphisa ububanzi bokusebenzisa abanye abaphakathi futhi kuthinte ukuthuthukiswa kwabo.

Ucwaningo oluhle lwe-chemical intermediates lubonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesikali sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi zamathani azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inqubo yokulungiselela ngokuvamile iyinkimbinkimbi, ehilela ukusabela kwamayunithi amaningi kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa. , ukukhiqizwa kuphinde kwakhiqiza inani elikhulu “lemfucumfucu emithathu” edinga ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sizibandakanye ocwaningweni lwenqubo yochungechunge lwemikhiqizo futhi sihlele ukukhiqizwa kwezimaphakathi ngokunengqondo ukuze sithole izinzuzo zesikali esihle.

Kusukela esimeni samazwe angaphandle, ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwabaphakathi kuvame ukugxilwa kahle ukuze kuzuzwe uchungechunge lokukhiqiza, isethi yemishini yokukhiqiza ingakhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana kuya kweziyishumi nambili zabaphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa intuthuko jikelele, ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha busebenziseka kalula, buzofinyelela umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Isimo saseJapane singase sibe yinkomba yethu, ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwama-intermediates eJapane nakho kuhlakazekile kakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1960 kuye kwaba izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukulungisa, ukugxila.

Ngoguquko nentuthuko, imboni yaseChina yokudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, elingakwazi kuphela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yasekhaya yokudaya kanye ne-pigment, kodwa futhi ihlinzeke ngezinga eliphezulu lezinto eziphakathi. emazweni angaphandle.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezimaphakathi zitholakala ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-petroleum kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali e-coking, iningi lawo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone compounds, kanye namanye ama-heterocyclic compounds, kanye ne-organic pigments elungiswe nge-heterocyclic compounds intermediates ivuliwe. ukwanda eminyakeni yamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl uchungechunge lwamakhompiyutha, lezi zinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kodayi, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa zokwenziwa kuzokwanda futhi kuvame.
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Okuvame kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusetshenziselwa abaphakathi

Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zibe udayi (umbala) okuphakathi kokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame ukusetshenziswa kanje.
(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitrate
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungisa ama-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela kokuhlanganisa)
(6) ukusabela kwe-alkali fusion esikhundleni seqembu le-sulfonic acid ku-hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) ukujiya kanye nokusabela kwe-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) ukusabela kokushintshana kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl nama-amino
(12) i-hydroxyl noma i-amino hydrocarbonation reaction
Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sendandatho enamakha eyinhloko yama-intermediates amakhemikhali amahle, okuphakathi kungahlukaniswa ngesistimu ye-aliphatic, uhlelo lwe-benzene, uhlelo lwe-naphthalene, uhlelo lwe-anthraquinone, uhlelo lwe-heterocyclic kanye nesistimu yendandatho ewugqinsi. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zezinto ezimaphakathi ezifana ne-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic nezinye izinto zokudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates, ezingahlangabezana ngokuyisisekelo nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudaya kanye ne-pigment.
Isithombe
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- and p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine , N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- kanye nama-para-esters, njll.
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezisekelwe ku-Naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- i-asidi, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R- i-acid, njll. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-anthraquinone-based intermediates yilezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl i-anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-Heterocyclic nezindandatho eziwugqinsi

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.