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Abaphakathi: Abaphakathi be-Dyestuff bayigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali amahle, futhi intuthuko esheshayo yemboni ye-dyestuff incike ekuthuthukisweni kwabaphakathi abahambisana nayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-dyestuff kanye ne-pigment intermediates eShayina kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950. Njengoba ukuncintisana okwandayo emakethe, i-dyestuff kanye ne-pigment intermediates ziye zasungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza; zenze intuthuko ezicini eziningana njengokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha, ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukucwaninga izindlela ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala, ukuvikela imvelo, njll., kanye nokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bokukhiqiza i-dyestuff kanye ne-pigment intermediates.
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Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwabaphakathi

Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwentuthuko ye-intermediates kunezindlela eziningi, i-intermediate ethile esetshenziswa ku-dyestuff ebizwa ngokuthi i-dye intermediates, futhi isetshenziswa ku-pesticides, pharmaceuticals kanye ne-pesticides ebizwa ngokuthi i-pesticides, pharmaceutical intermediates. I-Intermediates kufanele ibhekwe njengegatsha lemboni yamakhemikhali amahle iyonke, akufanele ihlukaniswe ngokuqinile ibe yi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates ngemboni, okuzonciphisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinye i-intermediates futhi kuthinte intuthuko yazo.

Ucwaningo lwe-Fine chemical intermediates lubonakala ngezinhlobo eziningi, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesilinganiso sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi ze-tonnage azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inqubo yokulungiselela ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ehilela ukusabela okuningi kweyunithi kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa, ukukhiqizwa nakho kukhiqize inani elikhulu "lemfucuza emithathu" okudingeka iphathwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sihlanganyele ocwaningweni lwenqubo yemikhiqizo yochungechunge futhi sihlele ukukhiqizwa kwe-intermediates ngokufanele ukuze sithole izinzuzo ezinhle zesilinganiso.

Kusukela esimweni samazwe angaphandle, ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi zivame ukugxiliswa kahle ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge, isethi yemishini yokukhiqiza ingakhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana kuya kweziyishumi nambili zezinto eziphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa intuthuko iyonke, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kulula ukukusebenzisa, kuzofeza umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Isimo saseJapan singaba yisithenjwa sethu, ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwezinto eziphakathi eJapane nakho kusakazeke kakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1960 kube izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukulungisa, ukugxila.

Ngokuguqulwa kanye nentuthuko, imboni yaseShayina yokudaya nokufaka imibala isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, okungagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudaya nokufaka imibala yasekhaya, kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu emazweni angaphandle.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezisetshenziswayo zitholakala kakhulu emikhiqizweni yemboni yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye ne-coking, iningi lazo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, kanye namanye amakhemikhali e-heterocyclic, kanye nemibala ephilayo elungiselelwe ngama-heterocyclic compounds intermediates iyanda eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, uchungechunge lwe-biphenyl lwamakhemikhali, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamadayi, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuzokwanda kakhulu futhi kuvame.
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Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame kakhulu okusetshenziselwa ama-intermediate

Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zibe yizinto eziphakathi kombala (umbala) wezimpendulo zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo.
(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitration
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela kokuxhuma)
(6) ukusabela kwe-alkali fusion ukuze kuthathelwe indawo iqembu le-sulfonic acid libe yi-hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-Acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) ukusabela kokujiya kanye ne-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) ukusabela kokushintshana kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl nama-amino
(12) ukusabela kwe-hydroxyl noma i-amino hydrocarbonation
Ngokwesakhiwo sendandatho eyinhloko ye-aromatic yama-intermediate amahle amakhemikhali, ama-intermediate angahlukaniswa ngohlelo lwe-aliphatic, uhlelo lwe-benzene, uhlelo lwe-naphthalene, uhlelo lwe-anthraquinone, uhlelo lwe-heterocyclic kanye nohlelo lwendandatho ejiyile. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zama-intermediate njenge-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic kanye nezinye izinto zokudaya nombala, ezingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudaya nombala.
Isithombe
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, i-o-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrophenol, i-N,N-dimethylaniline, i-p-aminoanisole, i-p-nitroaniline, i-o-toluidine, i-2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, i-N-ethylaniline, i-m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, i-2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, i-om-phenylenediamine, i-3,3-dichlorobenzidine, i-bianisidine, i-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, i-o- kanye ne-p-aminoanisole, i-DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-m-toluidine, i-N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, i-N,diethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, I-N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. i-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, i-N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, i-p-toluidine, i-ethoxyaniline, i-2-4-dimethylaniline, i-4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, i-4-methoxy-3-amino-N, i-N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-m- kanye ne-para-esters, njll.
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-intermediate ezisekelwe ku-Naphthalene

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-tartaric acid, i-6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, i-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-γ-acid, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njll. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-anthraquinone-based intermediates yilezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, I-1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.
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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezinezindandatho ezinde nezinde

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, i-naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, i-tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.