I-MIT-Ivy Industry iyinkampani ephakathi kwemithi namakhemikhali ehlanganisa ukukhiqiza, ukuthengisa kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Ngemishini yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, sigcina ubudlelwano obuhle bokubambisana nezikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye namanyuvesi amakhulu naphakathi. Sihileleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthengiseni uchungechunge lwemithi ephakathi kwemithi, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni imithi yokulwa nengculaza, yenhliziyo kanye neyemithambo yegazi, kanye nokusekela imithi ephakathi kwemithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala. Imikhiqizo ye-sodium azide, i-triphenyl chloromethane, i-L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride ithengiswa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.1. Ukwethulwa kwemithi ephakathi kwemithiImithi ephakathi kwemithi ibhekisela emikhiqizweni ephakathi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yemithi.Eqinisweni, ezinye zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali noma imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali enqubweni yokwenziwa kwemithi.IsithombeAbakhiqizi bemithi eyimfihlo kanye nezinto ezisebenzayo zemithi badinga ukwamukela isitifiketi se-GMP. Imithi ephakathi kwemithi, yize isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imithi, empeleni iwukwenziwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kuphela. Yimikhiqizo eyisisekelo nephansi kakhulu ochungechungeni lokukhiqizwa kwemithi futhi ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi imithi, ngakho-ke isitifiketi se-GMP asidingeki. Imithi ephakathi ingakhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali ezijwayelekile futhi ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha emazingeni athile. Lokhu kunciphisa nomkhawulo wokungena embonini yabakhiqizi abaphakathi. Isithombe2. Izinga lemboni yezemithi ehlanganisa abantu abaphakathi Ngokulungiswa kwesakhiwo sezimboni, ukudluliselwa komkhiqizo kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe kwezinkampani ezinkulu zezemithi zamazwe ngamazwe, iShayina isibe yisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhiqiza esiphakathi esigabeni somhlaba wonke semisebenzi yezimboni zezemithi. Ngokusho koMbiko Wocwaningo mayelana Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yezemithi Ephakathi yaseShayina (2016), kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015, imboni yezemithi ehlanganisa abantu abaphakathi yaseShayina kanye nenani layo eliphelele lokukhiqiza landa unyaka nonyaka, ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingaba ngu-13.5%. Phakathi kwazo, inani eliphelele lokukhiqiza lezemithi ehlanganisa abantu abaphakathi eShayina lafinyelela ku-422.56 billion yuan ngo-2015, ukwanda ngo-9.88% unyaka nonyaka. Umkhiqizo wemboni wafinyelela ku-17.2 million tons, wenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-10.26 ngonyaka nonyaka. Inani lokukhiqiza lemboni yezemithi ehlanganisa abantu abaphakathi eShayina lizosondela ku-1 trillion yuan ngo-2020. Isithombe3. Izici zezimboni zezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithiImboni idinga ukulungiswa nokuthuthukiswa ngokushesha: Izinga lobuchwepheshe lilonke laseShayina lisaphansi kakhulu, futhi zimbalwa izinkampani ezikhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinkampani ezisekelayo zemithi emisha enelungelo lobunikazi, ezisesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kokwenziwa ngcono kwesakhiwo somkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Amanye amabhizinisi kuphela anamandla ocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa aqinile, izikhungo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe kanye nesipiliyoni sokukhiqiza esikhulu angathola inzuzo ephezulu emncintiswaneni. Isilinganiso sebhizinisi esizinzile: Abakhiqizi abakhulu ngokuyisisekelo bathatha ukukhiqizwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso njengemodeli yabo eyinhloko yebhizinisi. Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokukhiqiza eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, ubudlelwano bokubambisana phakathi kwamakhasimende amakhulu nabahlinzeki buzinzile, futhi lapho ukubambisana kusondelene, izinga lokuthembana liphakeme, kanye nezigaba zokubambisana ezengeziwe ezinikezwa amakhasimende amakhulu zizoba phezulu. Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukushintsha abahlinzeki. Ngakho-ke, njengebhizinisi eliqinile, amabhizinisi embonini yezemithi agxile kakhulu emabhizinisini emithi angaphandle aziwayo kulesi sigaba samanje. Lapho inkampani isingene ohlelweni oluyinhloko lwabaphakeli bemithi emikhulu, kokubili isikali sokukhiqiza kanye nomkhawulo wenzuzo yonke kwagcina isimo esizinzile. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphansi ikakhulukazi: izindawo eziyinhloko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zezemithi eShayina yi-EU, iNyakatho Melika, iMpumalanga Ephakathi, iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njll. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezwe lethu kugxile kakhulu ku-vitamin C, i-penicillin, i-acetaminophen, i-citric acid kanye nosawoti nama-esters ayo, njengezimpahla, izici zemikhiqizo ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza, ukuncintisana kwemakethe kukhulu, intengo yomkhiqizo kanye nenani elengeziwe liphansi, ukukhiqizwa kwayo ngobuningi kubangele isimo sokuthengiswa ngokweqile kwemakethe yezemithi yasekhaya. Imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu isangeniswa kakhulu. Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo: amabhizinisi okukhiqiza ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi azimele, ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo, isikali sokutshalwa kwezimali asisikhulu, ngokuyisisekelo phakathi kwezigidi kuya kwezigidi eziyishumi noma ezingamashumi amabili zama-yuan. Ukuhlushwa kwesifunda: ukusatshalaliswa kwesifunda kwamabhizinisi okukhiqiza kugxile kakhulu, eduze kwezimboni ezinkulu eziningana zemithi, ikakhulukazi kusakazwa eTaizhou, eZhejiang naseJintan, eJiangsu njengesikhungo se isifunda. IZhejiang Huangyan, iTaizhou, iNanjing Jintan, iShijiazhuang, iJinan (kufaka phakathi iZibo), enyakatho-mpumalanga (iSiping, iFushun) nezinye izindawo ezinezimo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zemithi ziye zathuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuvuselelwa komkhiqizo okusheshayo: umkhiqizo ngokuvamile usemakethe eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 kamuva, izinga lawo lenzuzo lizokwehla kakhulu, okuphoqa amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise imikhiqizo emisha njalo noma athuthukise njalo inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuze alondoloze inzuzo ephezulu yokukhiqiza. Ukuncintisana okunamandla: ngoba inzuzo yokukhiqiza yezimboni zemithi iphakeme kuneyemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza yalezi zimbili iyafana, amabhizinisi amancane amakhemikhali ajoyina ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni zemithi, okuholela ekuncintisaneni okunzima kakhulu embonini.4. Izinhlobo zezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-cephalosporin, uchungechunge lwe-amino acid protectant, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-vitamin, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-quinolone, nezinye izinhlobo zezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe, njengezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zemithi yokubulala amagciwane, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zemithi yokwelapha isifo sokuwa, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-fluoropyridine, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-steroid, njll. Ngokusho kwemikhakha yazo yokusebenza, zingahlukaniswa zibe izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zemithi yokubulala amagciwane, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zemithi yokwelapha kanye neyokuthomalalisa ubuhlungu, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zesistimu yenhliziyo, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zemithi yokwelapha umdlavuza njalo njalo. Njengamanje, kunemikhiqizo engaba ngamakhulu yezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe, futhi zihlala zisungula izinto ezintsha, zakha izimboni eziningi ezinhle zama-molecule embonini yezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ezithile. Njenge-imidazole, i-furan, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-phenolic, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-aromatic, i-pyrrole, i-pyridine, ama-reagent e-biochemical, i-sulfur, i-nitrogen, ama-halogen compounds, ama-heterocyclic compounds, i-microcrystalline cellulose, isitashi, i-mannitol, i-lactose, i-dextrin, i-ethylene glycol, ushukela oluyimpuphu, usawoti ongaphili, izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ze-ethanol, i-stearic acid, i-amino acid kanye ne-ethanol usawoti we-amine, i-sylvite, usawoti we-sodium kanye nezinye izinto eziphakathi nendawo nokunye. Isithombe 5. I-Patent CliffKusukela ngo-2000, imakethe yemithi ejwayelekile yomhlaba wonke iqhubekile nokukhula ngokushesha kunemakethe yemithi iyonke, ikhula ngokuphindwe kabili kunemithi enelungelo lobunikazi. Imakethe yemithi ejwayelekile yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$180 billion ngo-2013, kanti i-CAGR yemakethe yemithi ejwayelekile yomhlaba wonke kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2013 kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-14.7%. Imakethe yemithi ejwayelekile yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngo-10% kuya ku-14% eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, ngokushesha kakhulu kunokukhula okulindelwe okungu-4% kuya ku-6% embonini yonke yemithi. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yemithi ejwayelekile ngokusobala kuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemithi ephakathi.Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2020, imakethe yemithi yomhlaba wonke izoletha igagasi lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwe-Patent, phakathi kwalokho, kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2020, izinhlobo zokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwe-Patent yomhlaba wonke zizoba ngaphezu kuka-200 minyaka yonke, okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-Patent Cliff" emhlabeni.Ngo-2014, kuzoba nenani eliphakeme lemithi enelungelo lobunikazi. Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, lapho kuzoba khona iqophelo eliphezulu ngo-2014, kanye nemithi engu-326 ephethe izimpahla ezithengiswayo ephelelwa yisikhathi. Unyaka ka-2010 no-2017 yiminyaka emibili ephethe izimpahla ezithengiswayo, kanye nemithi engu-205 no-242 ephethe izimpahla ezithengiswayo ephelelwa yisikhathi ngokulandelana. Imithi ephelelwe yisikhathi ikakhulukazi imithi yokulwa nokutheleleka, i-endocrine, isimiso sezinzwa kanye nemithi yenhliziyo, enobukhulu bemakethe obukhulu. Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okukhulu kwemithi ephethe izimpahla zakwamanye amazwe kuzoletha izinto ezintsha embonini yemithi esezingeni eliphezulu eShayina. Ngoba ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwemithi ephethe izimpahla ezithengiswayo, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi ejwayelekile ehlobene kuzoqhuma, okuzoqhuba ukukhula okusheshayo kwesidingo semithi ehlobene nemithi ethengiswayo. Isithombe 6. Ingcindezi YezemveloI-China isivele iyinkampani ethumela ngaphandle kakhulu imikhiqizo ye-API, kanye nomngcolisi omkhulu. Abakhiqizi bemithi abaphakathi bangamalungu emboni yamakhemikhali amahle, kuzoba nengozi yokungcola ehambisanayo. Ngokusho kwezibalo ezivela kuMnyango Wezokuvikelwa Kwemvelo, inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wemboni yemithi yasekhaya lingaphansi kwamaphesenti ama-3 e-GDP yezwe, kodwa inani eliphelele lokukhishwa kokungcola lifinyelela kumaphesenti ayi-6. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemithi, i-API emelelwa kakhulu ngamavithamini kanye ne-penicillin ingeyemboni yokungcola okuphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, okungcolisa umoya namanzi kakhulu. Ngokuhambisana nokuthunyelwa okuhlangene koMnyango Wezokuvikelwa Kwemvelo, ngoFebhuwari 15, 2017, ithimba lokuhlola elikhethekile lekhwalithi yomoya kwikota yokuqala ka-2017 lamemezela ukuthi ukuqhutshwa kwengcindezi eShijiazhuang kwakungekho, futhi uhulumeni wesifunda wayesasekelwe kakhulu kubasebenzi be-Environmental Protection Bureau ekuqalisweni kohlelo oluphuthumayo lwesimo sezulu sokungcola okukhulu, kuyilapho eminye iminyango yayingahilelekile ngezinga eliphezulu. Ukungcoliswa kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi akhiqiza imikhiqizo yemithi eShijiazhuang kuyingozi kakhulu. Amabhizinisi emithi ngobuchwepheshe obusemuva buzothwala izindleko eziphezulu zokulawula ukungcola kanye nengcindezi yokulawula, kanti amabhizinisi emithi yendabuko akhiqiza kakhulu ukungcola okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo enenani eliphansi (njenge-penicillin, amavithamini, njll.) azobhekana nokususwa okusheshayo. Ukunamathela emisha yenqubo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bemithi eluhlaza sekuyisiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo embonini yemithi ephakathi. Isithombe
7. Abaholi bemboni
imboni ye-mit-ivy
Inkampani ye-Zhejiang NHU Ltd.Plo Co., Ltd
I-Lianhe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. I-Anhui Bayi Chemical Co. Ltd. I-Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. I-Zhejiang Hisoar Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. I-Jiangsu Jiujiu Technology Co., Ltd. I-Federal pharmaceutical (chengdu) co., LTD. I-Zhejiang Yongtai Technology Co., Ltd. I-Suzhou Tianma Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd.