Ukubuka Konke Kwemboni Yezemithi Ephakathi

Izidakamizwa ezisebenzisana nemithi
Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ama-pharmaceutical intermediates empeleni kuyizinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali noma imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali okudingeka isetshenziswe enqubweni yokwenziwa kwezidakamizwa. Le mikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ingakhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali ezivamile ngaphandle kokuthola ilayisensi yokukhiqiza izidakamizwa, futhi ingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezidakamizwa inqobo nje uma izinkomba zobuchwepheshe zihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zezinga. Nakuba ukwenziwa kwemithi nakho kuwela ngaphansi kwesigaba samakhemikhali, izidingo ziqinile kakhulu kunezo zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ejwayelekile. Abakhiqizi bemithi eqediwe nama-API kudingeka bamukele isitifiketi se-GMP, kuyilapho abakhiqizi bemithi eqediwe bengasamukeli, ngoba ama-intermediates aseyizinto zokwenziwa nokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali kuphela, okuyimikhiqizo eyisisekelo nephansi kakhulu ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza izidakamizwa, futhi angeke abizwe ngokuthi izidakamizwa okwamanje, ngakho-ke abadingi isitifiketi se-GMP, esiphinde sehlise umkhawulo wokungena wabakhiqizi bemithi esezingeni eliphakathi.

Imboni yezemithi ephakathi
Izinkampani zamakhemikhali ezikhiqiza futhi zicubungule izinto ezingaphakathi noma ezingaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo noma ama-API ezinkampanini zemithi yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yemithi eqediwe ngokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali noma kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwezindinganiso zekhwalithi eziqinile. Lapha izinto ezingaphakathi kwemithi zihlukaniswe izimboni ezimbili ezincane i-CMO kanye ne-CRO.

I-CMO
I-Contract Manufacturing Organisation ibhekisela enhlanganweni yokukhiqiza inkontileka, okusho ukuthi inkampani yezokwelapha inika umlingani wayo inqubo yokukhiqiza. Uchungechunge lwebhizinisi lomkhakha we-CMO wezokwelapha ngokuvamile luqala ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhethekile zemithi. Izinkampani embonini kudingeka ukuthi zithole izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali bese zizicubungula zibe izithako ezikhethekile zemithi, bese zicubungulwa zibe izinto zokuqalisa ze-API, ama-intermediate e-cGMP, ama-API kanye namafomula. Njengamanje, izinkampani ezinkulu zemithi zamazwe ngamazwe zivame ukusungula ubudlelwano besikhathi eside nabahlinzeki abambalwa abayinhloko, futhi ukusinda kwezinkampani kulo mkhakha kubonakala kakhulu ngabalingani bazo.

I-CRO
I-Contract (Clinical) Research Organisation ibhekisela enhlanganweni yocwaningo lwenkontileka, lapho izinkampani zemithi zithumela khona ingxenye yocwaningo kumlingani. Njengamanje, imboni isekelwe kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngokwezifiso, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso kanye nocwaningo lwenkontileka yemithi kanye nokuthengisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhiqizo ophakathi kwemithi ungumkhiqizo omusha noma cha, ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwenkampani kusahlulelwa ubuchwepheshe be-R&D njengento yokuqala, ebonakala kumakhasimende noma ozakwethu abaphansi benkampani.

Iketanga lenani lemakethe yemikhiqizo yemithi
Isithombe
(Isithombe esivela ku-Qilu Securities)

Uchungechunge lwezimboni zezimboni zemithi
Isithombe
(Isithombe esivela ku-China Industry Information Network)

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezidakamizwa eziphakathi
Izakhi zemithi zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinkulu ngokuya ngemikhakha yesicelo, njengezithako zemithi yokulwa namagciwane, izithako zemithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nemithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, izithako zemithi yesistimu yenhliziyo kanye nezithako zemithi yokulwa nomdlavuza. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezakhi zemithi ezithile, njenge-imidazole, i-furan, izithako ze-phenolic, izithako ze-aromatic, i-pyrrole, i-pyridine, ama-reagent e-biochemical, ama-sulfur-containing, ama-nitrogen-containing, ama-halogen compounds, ama-heterocyclic compounds, isitashi, i-mannitol, i-microcrystalline cellulose, i-lactose, i-dextrin, i-ethylene glycol, i-sugar powder, ama-inorganic salts, ama-ethanol intermediates, i-stearate, ama-amino acids, i-ethanolamine, ama-potassium salts, ama-sodium salts kanye nezinye izinto ezithako, njll.
Ukubuka konke kwentuthuko yemboni yezokwelapha eShayina
Ngokusho kwe-IMS Health Incorporated, kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013, imakethe yemithi yomhlaba wonke igcine ukukhula okuqhubekayo, kusukela ku-$793.6 billion ngo-2010 kuya ku-$899.3 billion ngo-2013, kanti imakethe yemithi ibonise ukukhula okusheshayo kusukela ngo-2014, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemakethe yase-US. Njengoba i-CAGR ingu-6.14% kusukela ngo-2010-2015, imakethe yemithi yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi ingene emjikelezweni wokukhula kancane kusukela ngo-2015-2019. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imithi idingeka kakhulu, ukukhula okugcwele kulindeleke ukuthi kube namandla kakhulu esikhathini esizayo, kanti imakethe yomhlaba wonke yemithi isondela ku-$1.22 trillion ngo-2019.
Isithombe
(Isithombe sivela ku-IMS Health Incorporated)
Njengamanje, ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwezimboni kwezinkampani ezinkulu zemithi zamazwe ngamazwe, ukudluliselwa kokukhiqizwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, iShayina isibe yisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhiqiza esiphakathi nendawo ekuhlukanisweni kwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke embonini yemithi. Imboni yemithi ephakathi nendawo yaseShayina yakhe uhlelo oluphelele kusukela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kuya ekukhiqizweni nasekuthengisweni. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi ephakathi nendawo emhlabeni, izinga lobuchwepheshe benqubo yaseShayina lilonke lisephansi kakhulu, inani elikhulu lemithi ephakathi nendawo ethuthukisiwe kanye nemithi emisha enelungelo lobunikazi esekela imithi ephakathi nendawo amabhizinisi amancane kakhulu, asesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kokwenziwa ngcono kwesakhiwo somkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa.
Inani lokukhipha imboni yezokwelapha zamakhemikhali eShayina kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015
Isithombe
(Isithombe esivela e-China Business Industry Research Institute)
Phakathi no-2011-2015, umkhiqizo wemboni yezemithi yamakhemikhali eShayina wakhula unyaka nonyaka, ngo-2013, umkhiqizo wezemithi yamakhemikhali eShayina wawungamathani angu-568,300, wathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amathani angu-65,700, ngo-2015 umkhiqizo wezemithi yamakhemikhali eShayina wawungamathani angaba ngu-676,400.
Izibalo zokukhiqizwa kwemboni yezemithi yamakhemikhali yaseShayina zango-2011-2015
Isithombe
(Isithombe esivela ku-China Merchant Industry Research Institute)
Ukunikezwa kwemithi exubile eShayina kuvelele kakhulu kunesidingo, futhi ukuncika ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe kuyanda kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eShayina kugxile kakhulu emikhiqizweni eminingi efana ne-vitamin C, i-penicillin, i-acetaminophen, i-citric acid kanye nosawoti nama-ester ayo, njll. Le mikhiqizo ibonakala ngomkhiqizo omkhulu, amabhizinisi amaningi okukhiqiza, ukuncintisana okukhulu emakethe, intengo ephansi yomkhiqizo kanye nenani elengeziwe, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwayo ngobuningi kubangele isimo sokuhlinzekwa okungaphezu kwesidingo emakethe yasekhaya yemithi exubile. Imikhiqizo enokuqukethwe kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu isathembele kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuze kuvikelwe ama-amino acid pharmaceutical intermediates, iningi lamabhizinisi okukhiqiza asekhaya anohlobo olulodwa lomkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi engazinzile, ikakhulukazi izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ze-biopharmaceutical ukuze zenze ngokwezifiso ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo. Amanye amabhizinisi kuphela anamandla ocwaningo nentuthuko aqinile, izikhungo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe kanye nolwazi ekukhiqizeni okukhulu angathola inzuzo ephezulu emncintiswaneni.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemboni yezokwelapha yaseShayina

1, inqubo yokukhiqiza ngokwezifiso embonini yezemithi ephakathi nendawo
Okokuqala, ukuhlanganyela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi emisha yekhasimende esigabeni, okudinga ukuthi isikhungo se-R & D senkampani sibe nekhono eliqinile lokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Okwesibili, ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo wekhasimende, ukuhlangabezana nendlela yenqubo yokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu, okudinga ikhono lokukhulisa umkhiqizo ngobunjiniyela benkampani kanye nekhono lokuthuthukisa inqubo eqhubekayo yobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo obuhlelwe ngokwezifiso esikhathini esizayo, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza ngezinga lomkhiqizo, kuncishiswe njalo izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana komkhiqizo.
Okwesithathu, kuwukugaya nokuthuthukisa inqubo yemikhiqizo esigabeni sokukhiqizwa kwamakhasimende ngobuningi, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi zezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe.

2. Izici zemboni yezokwelapha yaseShayina
Ukukhiqizwa kwemithi kudinga inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali akhethekile, iningi lawo elalikhiqizwa yimboni yemithi uqobo, kodwa ngokujula kokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, imboni yemithi yadlulisela amanye ama-intermediate emithi emabhizinisini amakhemikhali ukuze akhiqizwe. Ama-intermediate emithi ayimikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwama-intermediate emithi sekuyimboni enkulu embonini yamakhemikhali yamazwe ngamazwe. Njengamanje, imboni yemithi yaseShayina idinga izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2,000 zezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali kanye nama-intermediate minyaka yonke, ngesidingo esingaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.5. Njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-intermediate emithi ngokungafani nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemithi kuzoba ngaphansi kwemingcele ehlukahlukene emazweni angenisa impahla, kanye nokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwama-intermediate emithi emazweni asathuthuka, izidingo zamanje zokukhiqiza imithi yaseShayina zezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali kanye nama-intermediate zingalingana, ingxenye encane kuphela yesidingo sokungenisa. Futhi ngenxa yezinsizakusebenza eziningi zaseShayina, amanani ezinto zokusetshenziswa aphansi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-intermediate emithi futhi ezifinyelele inani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Njengamanje, iShayina idinga izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisekela amakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingaphezu kuka-2500, isidingo saminyaka yonke sifinyelele amathani ayizigidi ezingu-11.35. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yentuthuko, izidingo zokukhiqiza imithi zaseShayina zezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ziye zakwazi ukuhambisana. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo eShayina ikakhulukazi kusemithini yokulwa namagciwane kanye nemithi yokubulala amagciwane.

Kuyo yonke imboni, imboni yezokwelapha yaseShayina inezici eziyisithupha: Okokuqala, iningi lamabhizinisi angamabhizinisi azimele, ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo, isikali sokutshalwa kwezimali asisikhulu, ngokuyisisekelo siphakathi kwezigidi kuya ku-yuan eyinkulungwane eyodwa noma ezimbili; Okwesibili, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zamabhizinisi kugxile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eTaizhou, eSifundazweni saseZhejiang naseJintan, eSifundazweni saseJiangsu njengesikhungo; Okwesithathu, njengoba izwe ligxila kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, ingcindezi emabhizinisini yokwakha izindawo zokwelapha ukuvikelwa kwemvelo iyanda Okwesine, isivinini sokuvuselelwa komkhiqizo siyashesha, futhi inzuzo izokwehla kakhulu ngemva kweminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 emakethe, okuphoqa amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise imikhiqizo emisha noma athuthukise inqubo ngokuqhubekayo ukuze athole inzuzo ephezulu; Okwesihlanu, njengoba inzuzo yokukhiqiza yezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi iphakeme kuneyemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ejwayelekile, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza iyafana, amabhizinisi amancane amakhemikhali ajoyina amazinga okukhiqiza izinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi, okuholela ekuncintisaneni okunamandla embonini. Okwesithupha, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-API, inzuzo yokukhiqiza izinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi iphansi, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-API kanye nezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi iyafana, ngakho amanye amabhizinisi awakhiqizi nje kuphela izinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi, kodwa futhi asebenzisa izinzuzo zawo ukuqala ukukhiqiza i-API. Ochwepheshe baveze ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi ngokuya ekuthuthukisweni kwe-API kuwumkhuba ongenakugwenywa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okukodwa kwe-API, izinkampani zemithi zinomthelela omkhulu, amabhizinisi asekhaya avame ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo kodwa awekho abasebenzisi balesi simo. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi kufanele bakhe ubudlelwano bokuphakelwa obuzinzile besikhathi eside nezinkampani zemithi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo okubushelelezi.

3, izithiyo zokungena embonini
①Izithiyo zamakhasimende
Imboni yezemithi ilawulwa yizinkampani ezimbalwa zezemithi zamazwe ngamazwe. Ama-oligarch ezemithi aqaphela kakhulu ekukhetheni kwawo abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abangaphandle futhi ngokuvamile anesikhathi eside sokuhlola abahlinzeki abasha. Izinkampani ze-CMO zezemithi zidinga ukuhlangabezana namaphethini okuxhumana amakhasimende ahlukene, futhi zidinga ukudlula isikhathi eside sokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo ngaphambi kokuba zithole ukwethenjwa ngamakhasimende angaphansi, bese ziba abahlinzeki bazo abayinhloko.
②Izithiyo zobuchwepheshe
Ikhono lokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu liyisisekelo senkampani yezinsizakalo zokuthumela imithi ngaphandle. Izinkampani ze-CMO zemithi zidinga ukugqashula ezinkingeni zobuchwepheshe noma ukuvinjelwa emizileni yazo yokuqala futhi zinikeze izindlela zokwenza ngcono inqubo yemithi ukuze kuncishiswe ngempumelelo izindleko zokukhiqiza imithi. Ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside, okubiza kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kanye nasezinqolobaneni zobuchwepheshe, kunzima ezinkampanini ezingaphandle komkhakha ukungena ngempela embonini.
③Izithiyo zamakhono
Kunzima ezinkampanini ze-CMO ukwakha iqembu locwaningo nokuthuthukiswa elincintisanayo ngesikhathi esifushane ukuze kusungulwe imodeli yebhizinisi ehambisana ne-cGMP.
④Izithiyo zomthetho zekhwalithi
I-FDA kanye nezinye izikhungo ezilawula izidakamizwa seziqine kakhulu ezidingweni zazo zokulawula ikhwalithi, futhi imikhiqizo engaphumeleli ukuhlolwa ayikwazi ukungena ezimakethe zamazwe angenisa impahla.
⑤ Izithiyo zomthetho zemvelo
Izinkampani zemithi ezinezinqubo eziphelelwe yisikhathi zizothwala izindleko zokulawula ukungcola okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi yokulawula, kanti izinkampani zemithi zendabuko ezikhiqiza kakhulu ukungcola okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo enenani eliphansi (isb. i-penicillin, amavithamini, njll.) zizobhekana nokususwa okusheshayo. Ukunamathela emisha yenqubo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bemithi eluhlaza sekuyisiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo embonini yemithi ye-CMO.

4. Amabhizinisi abhalisiwe ezikhungweni zemithi zasekhaya
Kusukela esikhundleni sochungechunge lwemboni, izinkampani eziyisithupha ezisohlwini zamakhemikhali amahle akhiqiza izidakamizwa eziphakathi kwemithi zonke zisezingeni eliphansi lochungechunge lwemboni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umhlinzeki wesevisi ochwepheshe wokuthumela ngaphandle noma ukwandisa i-API kanye nokwakheka, amandla obuchwepheshe yiwona mandla aqhubekayo ashukumisayo.
Ngokuphathelene namandla kwezobuchwepheshe, izinkampani ezinobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni wonke, amandla amakhulu okugcina imali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu ku-R&D ziyathandwa.
Iqembu I: I-Lianhua Technology kanye ne-Arbonne Chemical. I-Lianhua Technology inezobuchwepheshe obuyisishiyagalombili obuyinhloko njengoketshezi lwe-ammonia kanye ne-fluorination njengengqikithi yayo yezobuchwepheshe, lapho uketshezi lwe-hydrogen lusezingeni eliphambili emhlabeni jikelele. I-Abenomics ingumholi wamazwe ngamazwe kwezidakamizwa ze-chiral, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bayo bokuhlukanisa amakhemikhali kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinhlobo, futhi inotshalomali oluphezulu kakhulu lwe-R&D, olunemali engenayo engu-6.4%.
Iqembu II: Ubuchwepheshe beWanchang kanye nobuchwepheshe beYongtai. Indlela ye-Wanchang Technology ye-hydrocyanic acid igesi engcolile iyinqubo ephansi kakhulu futhi ethuthuke kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwama-ester e-prototrizoic acid. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iYongtai Technology yaziwa ngamakhemikhali ayo amahle e-fluorine.
Iqembu III: iTianma Fine Chemical kanye neBikang (eyayaziwa ngokuthi iJiuzhang).
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamandla obuchwepheshe ezinkampani ezisohlwini
Isithombe
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamakhasimende namamodeli okumaketha ezinkampani ezisebenzisana nemithi ezisohlwini
Isithombe
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesidingo esingezansi kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila kwe-patent wemikhiqizo yezinkampani ezisohlwini
Izithombe
Ukuhlaziywa kokuncintisana komkhiqizo kwezinkampani ezisohlwini
Izithombe
Indlela yokuthuthukisa ama-intermediate amahle amakhemikhali
Izithombe
(Izithombe nezinto ezisetshenziswa yiQilu Securities)
Amathemba entuthuko embonini yezokwelapha yaseShayina
Njengemboni ebalulekile emkhakheni wemboni yamakhemikhali amahle, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi kube yinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuncintisaneni eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, ngentuthuko yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, imithi eminingi iye yathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuzuze isintu, ukuhlanganiswa kwale mithi kuncike ekukhiqizweni kwemithi emisha, esezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke imithi emisha ivikelwe ngamalungelo obunikazi, kuyilapho imithi emisha ingenazo izinkinga, ngakho imithi emisha emisha esekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Indawo yokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe kanye nethuba lokusetshenziswa kuyathembisa kakhulu.
Izithombe

Njengamanje, isiqondiso socwaningo lwezidakamizwa ezihlanganisiwe sibonakala kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali e-heterocyclic, amakhemikhali aqukethe i-fluorine, amakhemikhali e-chiral, amakhemikhali e-biological, njll. Kusenegebe elithile phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezidingo zemboni yezokwelapha eShayina. Eminye imikhiqizo enezidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphezulu ayikwazi ukuhlelwa ukukhiqizwa eShayina futhi ngokuyisisekelo incike ekungenisweni, njenge-anhydrous piperazine, i-propionic acid, njll. Nakuba eminye imikhiqizo ingahlangabezana nezidingo zemboni yezokwelapha yasekhaya ngokwenani, kodwa izindleko eziphezulu kanye nekhwalithi azikho ezingeni elijwayelekile, ezithinta ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha futhi zidinga ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhiqiza, njenge-TMB, i-p-aminophenol, i-D-PHPG, njll.
Kulindeleke ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, ucwaningo olusha lwemithi emhlabeni luzogxila ezinhlotsheni eziyi-10 zemithi ezilandelayo: imithi yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho, imithi yokulwa namathambo, imithi yokulwa ne-AIDS, imithi yokulwa ne-hepatitis kanye neminye imithi ebangelwa amagciwane, imithi yokwehlisa amafutha, imithi yokulwa ne-thrombotic, imithi yokulwa nomdlavuza, imithi elwa ne-platelet-activating factor antagonists, imithi yokuvuselela inhliziyo ye-glycoside, imithi yokucindezeleka, imithi yokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kanye neyokulwa nokukhathazeka, njll. Ukuze le mithi ithuthukise imithi yayo esetshenziswayo, isiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yemithi esetshenziswayo kanye nendlela ebalulekile yokwandisa indawo entsha yemakethe.