Ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu yentuthuko, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseChina isiyizwe elikhula ngokushesha kunawo wonke emhlabeni, umjikelezo wezimboni kuneYurophu, i-United States neJapan kanye neSouth Korea umjikelezo wemboni yamakhemikhali ufinyezwa kakhulu, okuthi eYurophu nase-United States nakwamanye amazwe. idinga amashumi eminyaka ukufinyelela esigabeni sesikali, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseChina iminyaka embalwa kuphela isiphelile. Umehluko wukuthi ngemva kwesigaba esikhulu semboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu nase-United States, inani lemikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali esekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu liye landa kakhulu, kuyilapho e-China, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okulinganiselwe kobuchwepheshe, imakethe. umthamo wokunikezwa kwamakhemikhali amahle ukhule kancane.

Ukholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-5-10 ezayo, inqubo enkulu yemboni yamakhemikhali yaseChina izophela, futhi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa okuhle izosheshisa. Njengamanje, kunezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwasekhaya, ikakhulukazi lezo ezixhumene namabhizinisi ahamba phambili, zikhulisa utshalomali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle aseShayina, uPingtou Brother wafingqa la maphuzu alandelayo, okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hydrocarbons ane-carbon ephansi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokucwaninga okujulile kokucubungula isiqondiso, ezansi nomfula kugxile emikhakheni yemithi, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye neminye imikhakha. Okwesibili, ukucutshungulwa okujulile nokusetshenziswa kwe-polycarbon hydrocarbons, umfula ophansi ezindaweni eziphezulu zokugcina izinto zamakhemikhali ezinhle, izinsiza kanye neminye imikhakha; Okwesithathu, ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanzwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-high-carbon hydrocarbon kanye nokucutshungulwa okujulile nokusetshenziswa, ezansi nomfula emikhakheni yama-surfactants nama-plasticizers.

Ngokombono wezindleko, ukunwetshwa kwemboni yamakhemikhali emihle yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinekhabhoni ephansi kuyindlela ephansi kakhulu yokukhiqiza nokucwaninga njengamanje. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi e-China zandisa ngenkuthalo ucwaningo lwama-carbon hydrocarbons aphansi kumakhemikhali amahle. Imikhiqizo emele iwukunwetshwa kwamakhemikhali okuhle kweketango lemboni ye-isobutylene kanye nokunwetshwa kwamakhemikhali okuhle kweketango lemboni ye-aniline.

Ngokusho kophenyo lokuqala, uchungechunge lwezimboni ezingaphezu kuka-50 amakhemikhali amahle endaweni ephansi ye-isobutylene ye-high-purity selunwetshiwe, futhi uchungechunge lwezimboni lwemikhiqizo ephansi kunezinga eliphezulu lokucwengisiswa. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-60 zamakhemikhali amahle ezansi nokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni ye-aniline, kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela eziningi zokufaka isicelo ezansi nomfula.

Njengamanje, i-aniline ikhiqizwa kakhulu yi-catalytic hydrogenation ye-nitrobenzene, okuwukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogenation ye-nitric acid, i-hydrogen ne-benzene emsulwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa ezansi nomfula ku-MDI, izinsiza zenjoloba, odayi nezixhumi zemithi, izithasiselo zikaphethiloli neminye imikhakha. I-benzene ehlanzekile emabhizinisini okucwenga kanye nokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nemikhiqizo kawoyela, ekhuthaza ukunwetshwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kochungechunge lwezimboni ezansi nomfula lwe-benzene ehlanzekile, futhi isiphenduke imboni yocwaningo lwamakhemikhali nentuthuko.

Ngokwezimboni ezihlukene ezisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni engaphansi komfula we-aniline, ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yizimboni ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wama-accelerator enjoloba kanye nama-antioxidants kungahlukaniswa ngemikhiqizo emihlanu, okuyi-p-amino-diphenylamine. , i-hydroquinone, i-diphenylamine, i-cyclohexylamine ne-dicyclohexylamine. Iningi lale mikhiqizo ye-aniline isetshenziswa emkhakheni wama-antioxidants enjoloba, njenge-p-amino-diphenylamine ingakhiqiza ama-antioxidants 4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D njalonjalo.

Emkhakheni we-accelerator yerabha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-antioxidant, i-aniline ezansi nomfula emkhakheni wenjoloba iyisiqondiso esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa, esibalelwa ku-11% wesamba esiphelele sokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline, imikhiqizo eyinhloko emele i-p-amino-diphenylamine ne-hydroquinone.

Phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ze-diazo, kusetshenziswa i-aniline ne-nitrate neminye imikhiqizo, imikhiqizo engakhiqizwa i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, i-p-hydroxyaniline, i-p-hydroxyazobenzene, i-phenylhydrazine, i-fluorobenzene nokunye. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yodayi, kwezemithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane. Imikhiqizo emele yilena: i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, okuwudayi we-azo wokwenziwa, udayi wepayipi, udayi wokuhlakaza, futhi osetshenziswayo ekwenzeni upende nezingulube nanjengenkomba. I-P-hydroxyaniline isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-sulphur blue FBG, i-asidi ebuthakathaka ephuzi ephuzi engu-5G kanye nabanye odayi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamini nezinye izidakamizwa, kodwa futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa konjiniyela, ama-antioxidants nokunye.

Ngokophenyo, okwamanje, izinhlanganisela ze-aniline ezisetshenziswa embonini kadayi yaseShayina iningi lazo ziyi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride kanye ne-p-hydroxyaniline, ezibalela cishe u-1% wokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula, okuyindlela ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen compounds. ukwehla komfula i-aniline, futhi iyisiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo lwamanje lobuchwepheshe bemboni.

Okunye okubalulekile kokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula ukukhiqizwa kwe-aniline, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-p-iodoaniline, o-chloroaniline, 2.4.6-trichloroaniline, n-acetoacetanilide, n-formylaniline, phenylurea, bisphenylurea, phenylthiourea neminye imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-aniline halogenation, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngu-20, osekuphinde kwaba inkomba ebalulekile yokwelulwa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali esezingeni eliphansi le-aniline.

Imikhiqizo esezansi nomfula esebenzisa i-aniline halogenation, efana ne-o-chloraniline, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-sulphur blue FBG, odayi ababuthakathaka be-asidi ophuzi ogqamile be-5G, ukwakhiwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine nezinye izidakamizwa, kodwa futhi ukukhiqizwa konjiniyela, ama-antioxidants kanye njalo njalo. I-Diphenyl thiourea isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-accelerators e-vulcanization, ama-capsules we-vulcanization, amathayi wamanzi, izintambo kanye nekhebula, kanye nemithi kanye neziphakathi zodayi. I-N-acetoacetanilide isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-sulfonamides, ama-analgesics, i-antipyretic ice nama-preservatives, kanye ne-rubber vulcanization accelerator.

Ngokusho kokuhlola okungaphelele, inani lemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali e-aniline halogenated ezansi nomfula i-aniline cishe i-40% yenani lamakhemikhali e-aniline angaphansi komfula, kodwa imikhiqizo isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ephezulu, futhi isikali sisonke asisikhulu. Ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwenkundla yezemithi, ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe lwe-aniline halogenation seluphinde lwaba isiqondiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe baseChina.

Okunye ukusabela okubalulekile kwe-aniline ukusabela kokunciphisa, njenge-aniline ne-hydrogen ukukhiqiza i-cyclohexane, i-aniline ne-concentrated sulfuric acid kanye nesoda ash ukukhiqiza i-dicyclohexane, i-aniline ne-sulfuric acid kanye ne-sulfur trioxide ukukhiqiza i-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid. Lolu hlobo lokusabela ludinga inani elikhulu lezinto ezisizayo, futhi inani lemikhiqizo ephansi komfula alilikhulu, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunemikhiqizo emihlanu. 

Phakathi kwazo, njenge-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, ukukhiqiza odayi be-azo, njll., esetshenziswa njengereferensi yereferensi, i-reagent yokuhlola kanye ne-chromatographic reagent yokuhlaziya, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukugqwala kukakolweni. I-Dicyclohexylamine, ukulungiswa kwama-intermediates odayi, kanye ne-pesticide textile textile rust kakolweni, nokulungiswa kwezinongo.

Izimo zokuncishiswa zokusabela kwe-aniline zinokhahlo uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi okwamanje, i-China igxile kakhulu kulabhorethri kanye nesiteji sokukhiqiza esincane, futhi ingxenye yokusetshenziswa incane kakhulu, okungeyona indlela eyinhloko yokwandiswa kwamakhemikhali asezingeni eliphansi. uchungechunge lwezimboni ze-aniline.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aniline njengempahla eluhlaza yokwandiswa kweketanga lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle, kukhona ukusabela kwe-arylation, ukusabela kwe-alkylation, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kanye ne-nitrification, ukusabela kwe-cyclization, ukusabela kwe-aldehyde condensation kanye nokusabela kwenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi. I-Aniline ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuningi, futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezansi nomfula. sizoqhubeka nokwenza ukuhlaziya okuthile ngakho, sicela sikubheke ngabomvu.