Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu yentuthuko, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina isibe yizwe elikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni, umjikelezo wezimboni kuneYurophu, i-United States neJapan kanye nomjikelezo wemboni yamakhemikhali yaseNingizimu Korea ufinyezwe kakhulu, okuyinto eYurophu nase-United States nakwamanye amazwe edinga amashumi eminyaka ukuze ifinyelele esigabeni sokulinganisa, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina ineminyaka embalwa nje kuphela isiphelile. Umehluko uwukuthi ngemva kwesigaba esikhulu semboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu nase-United States, inani lemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle esekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu likhuphuke kakhulu, kuyilapho eShayina, ngenxa yentuthuko elinganiselwe yobuchwepheshe, inani lokunikezwa kwemakethe yamakhemikhali amahle likhule kancane.

Ukholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni emi-5-10 ezayo, inqubo enkulu yemboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina izophela, futhi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa okuhle izoshesha. Njengamanje, kunezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihambisana namabhizinisi ahamba phambili, ezandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle.

Ukuze kuqondiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle aseShayina, uPingtou Brother ufingqe amaphuzu alandelayo, okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hydrocarbon aphansi ekhabhoni njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zocwaningo olujulile lwendlela yokucubungula, phansi kugxile kuma-intermediate emithi, ama-intermediate ezinambuzane kanye neminye imikhakha. Okwesibili, ngokucubungula okujulile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-hydrocarbon e-polycarbon, phansi ezintweni zamakhemikhali ezinhle kakhulu, izinsiza kanye neminye imikhakha; Okwesithathu, ngokuhlukanisa kanye nokuhlanzwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-hydrocarbon eziphezulu kanye nokucubungula okujulile kanye nokusetshenziswa, phansi emikhakheni yama-surfactants kanye nama-plasticizers.

Ngokombono wezindleko, ukwandiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi kuyindlela ephansi kakhulu yokukhiqiza nokucwaninga njengamanje. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi eShayina zandisa ngenkuthalo ucwaningo lwama-hydrocarbon aphansi kakhulu kumakhemikhali amahle. Imikhiqizo emele ukwandiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu kochungechunge lwemboni ye-isobutylene kanye nokwandiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu kochungechunge lwemboni ye-aniline.

Ngokusho kophenyo lokuqala, uchungechunge lwezimboni lwamakhemikhali amahle angaphezu kwama-50 angaphansi kwe-isobutylene ehlanzekile kakhulu selunwetshiwe, kanti uchungechunge lwezimboni lwemikhiqizo engezansi lunezinga eliphezulu lokucwengisisa. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zamakhemikhali amahle angaphansi kwesandiso sochungechunge lwezimboni lwe-aniline, kanye nezinkomba eziningi zokusetshenziswa ezingezansi.

Njengamanje, i-aniline ikhiqizwa kakhulu yi-catalytic hydrogenation ye-nitrobenzene, okuwukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogenation ye-nitric acid, i-hydrogen kanye ne-benzene emsulwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa ngezansi kwe-MDI, izinsiza zerabha, udayi kanye nezithako zemithi, izithasiselo zikaphethiloli kanye neminye imikhakha. I-benzene emsulwa emabhizinisini okuhlanza nokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nemikhiqizo kawoyela, okukhuthaza ukwandiswa nokusetshenziswa kochungechunge lwezimboni olungezansi lwe-benzene emsulwa, futhi sekuyiyona nto egxile embonini yocwaningo nentuthuko yamakhemikhali.

Ngokusho kwezimboni ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni engezansi ye-aniline, ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yile mikhakha elandelayo: Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezinto ezisheshisa irabha kanye nama-antioxidants kungahlukaniswa cishe kube imikhiqizo emihlanu, okuyi-p-amino-diphenylamine, i-hydroquinone, i-diphenylamine, i-cyclohexylamine kanye ne-dicyclohexylamine. Iningi lale mikhiqizo ye-aniline isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezinto ezilwa ne-rabha, njenge-p-amino-diphenylamine ingakhiqiza ama-antioxidants angu-4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D njalo njalo.

Emkhakheni wokusheshisa irabha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-antioxidant, i-aniline engezansi emkhakheni werabha iyindlela ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa, ebalelwa cishe ku-11% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-aniline engezansi, imikhiqizo eyinhloko emele yi-p-amino-diphenylamine kanye ne-hydroquinone.

Phakathi kwamakhemikhali e-diazo, kusetshenziswa i-aniline ne-nitrate neminye imikhiqizo, imikhiqizo engakhiqizwa yi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, i-p-hydroxyaniline, i-p-hydroxyabenzene, i-phenylhydrazine, i-fluorobenzene njalo njalo. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yodayi, imithi kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Imikhiqizo emele yile: i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, okuyidayi ye-azo yokwenziwa, idayi yepayipi, idayi ehlakazekile, futhi isetshenziswa nasekukhiqizweni kopende nemibala kanye nesibonakaliso. I-P-hydroxyaniline isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-FBG eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esibabule, i-5G ephuzi elikhanyayo elibuthakathaka kanye neminye imibala, ukwenziwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine kanye neminye imithi, kodwa futhi isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwabathuthukisi, ama-antioxidants njalo njalo.

Ngokusho kocwaningo, njengamanje, amakhemikhali e-aniline asetshenziswa embonini yodayi yaseShayina ikakhulukazi yi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride kanye ne-p-hydroxyaniline, okubalwa cishe yi-1% yokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline, okuyindlela ebalulekile yokusebenzisa amakhemikhali e-nitrogen engxenyeni engezansi ye-aniline, futhi futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yocwaningo lobuchwepheshe bemboni yamanje.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-aniline phansi yi-halogenation ye-aniline, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-p-iodoaniline, i-o-chloroaniline, i-2.4.6-trichloroaniline, i-n-acetoacetanilide, i-n-formylaniline, i-phenylurea, i-bisphenylurea, i-phenylthiourea neminye imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-aniline halogenation, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20, ezibuye zaba yisiqondiso esibalulekile sokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali amancane aphansi lwe-aniline.

Imikhiqizo engezansi esebenzisa i-aniline halogenation, njenge-o-chloraniline, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-sulfur blue FBG, amadayi e-5G aphuzi acwebezelayo ane-acid ebuthakathaka, ukwenziwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine neminye imithi, kodwa futhi nokukhiqizwa kwabathuthukisi, ama-antioxidants njalo njalo. I-Diphenyl thiourea isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-accelerator e-vulcanization, ama-capsule e-vulcanization, amathayi amanzi, ucingo kanye nekhebula, kanye nemithi kanye ne-dye intermediates. I-N-acetoacetanilide isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-sulfonamides, ama-analgesic, i-acetic antipyretic kanye nama-preservative, kanye ne-raber vulcanization accelerator.

Ngokusho kokuhlolwa okungaphelele, inani lemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali e-aniline efakwe i-aniline halogenated libalelwa cishe ku-40% wenani lamakhemikhali e-aniline angaphansi, kodwa imikhiqizo isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ephezulu, futhi isikali sisonke asisikhulu. Ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwensimu yezokwelapha, ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe lwe-aniline halogenation selube yindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yaseShayina.

Enye indlela ebalulekile yokusabela kwe-aniline ukusabela kokunciphisa, njenge-aniline ne-hydrogen ukukhiqiza i-cyclohexane, i-aniline kanye ne-sulfuric acid egxilile kanye ne-soda ash ukukhiqiza i-dicyclohexane, i-aniline kanye ne-sulfuric acid kanye ne-sulfur trioxide ukukhiqiza i-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid. Lolu hlobo lokusabela ludinga inani elikhulu lezinto ezisizayo, futhi inani lemikhiqizo engezansi alilikhulu, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunemikhiqizo engaba mihlanu. 

Phakathi kwazo, njenge-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, ukukhiqiza amadayi e-azo, njll., asetshenziswa njenge-reference reagent, i-reagent yokuhlola kanye ne-chromatographic analysis reagent, futhi angasetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela isifo sokugqwala kukakolweni. I-Dicyclohexylamine, ukulungiswa kwezinto ezihlanganisa udayi, kanye ne-pesticide textile wheat rust, kanye nokulungiswa kwezinongo.

Izimo zokusabela kokunciphisa kwe-aniline zinzima kakhulu, futhi njengamanje, iShayina igxile kakhulu esigabeni sokukhiqiza selabhorethri kanye nesigaba esincane, futhi isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa sincane kakhulu, okungeyona indlela eyinhloko yokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali amancane e-aniline.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aniline njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwandiswa kweketanga lamakhemikhali amancane embonini, kukhona ukusabela kwe-arylation, ukusabela kwe-alkylation, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kanye ne-nitrification, ukusabela kwe-cyclization, ukusabela kwe-aldehyde condensation kanye nokusabela okuhlanganisiwe okuyinkimbinkimbi. I-Aniline ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okuningi kwamakhemikhali, futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezingezansi. Sizoqhubeka nokwenza ukuhlaziywa okuthile kwayo, sicela uyibheke ngabomvu.