Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu yentuthuko, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina isibe yizwe elikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni, futhi umjikelezo wezimboni umfushane kakhulu kunowemboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu, eMelika, eJapane naseNingizimu Korea. EYurophu, eMelika nakwamanye amazwe, kuthatha iminyaka embalwa kuphela ukufinyelela esigabeni sokulinganisa, futhi imboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina isondela ekupheleni. Umehluko uwukuthi ngemva kwesigaba esikhulu semboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu naseMelika, inani lemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle esekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu liyanda kakhulu, kuyilapho eShayina, ngenxa yentuthuko elinganiselwe yobuchwepheshe, inani lokunikezwa kwemakethe yamakhemikhali amahle liyanda kancane.

Eminyakeni emi-5-10 ezayo, inqubo enkulu yemboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina izophela futhi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emihle izoshesha. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi lezo ezixhumene namabhizinisi ahamba phambili, zandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwazo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhemikhali amahle eShayina, okokuqala ucwaningo lokucubungula okujulile kusetshenziswa ama-hydrocarbon aphansi ekhabhoni njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanti okungezansi kugxile kakhulu kuma-intermediate emithi, ama-intermediate ezinambuzane kanye neminye imikhakha. Okwesibili, ukucubungula okujulile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-hydrocarbon e-polycarbon, okuphansi ezintweni zamakhemikhali ezinhle kakhulu, izithasiselo kanye neminye imikhakha; Okwesithathu, ukuhlukanisa kanye nokuhlanzwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-hydrocarbon eziphezulu zekhabhoni kanye nokucubungula okujulile kanye nokusetshenziswa, okuphansi ku-surfactant, i-plasticizer kanye neminye imikhakha.

Uma sibheka ubukhulu bezindleko, ukwandiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi kuyindlela eshibhile yokukhiqiza nokucwaninga. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi eShayina zandisa ngenkuthalo ucwaningo lwemboni yamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu e-hydrocarbon ephansi. Imikhiqizo emele ukwandiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu kweketanga lemboni ye-isobutylene kanye nokwandiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kakhulu kweketanga lemboni ye-aniline.

Ngokusho kophenyo lokuqala, uchungechunge lwezimboni olunamakhemikhali amahle angaphezu kwama-50 lunwetshiwe ngaphansi kwe-isobutene emsulwa kakhulu, kanti izinga lokuhluzwa kochungechunge lwezimboni lwemikhiqizo engezansi liphakeme. I-Aniline inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zamakhemikhali amahle anwetshiwe ngaphansi kwechungechunge lwezimboni, iziqondiso zokusetshenziswa ngezansi ziningi.

Njengamanje, i-aniline ikhiqizwa kakhulu yi-catalytic hydrogenation ye-nitrobenzene, okuwukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogenation ye-nitric acid, i-hydrogen kanye ne-benzene emsulwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwemikhakha ye-MDI, izithasiselo zerabha, udayi kanye nezinto zokwelapha, izithasiselo zikaphethiloli nokunye. I-benzene emsulwa emabhizinisini okuhluza uwoyela kanye nokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nemikhiqizo kawoyela, okukhuthaza ukunwetshwa nokusetshenziswa kochungechunge lwezimboni olungezansi lwe-benzene emsulwa, oluye lwaba yindawo ebalulekile embonini yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali.

Ngokwezimboni ezahlukene lapho kusetshenziswa khona imikhiqizo ye-p-aniline engezansi, ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yile mikhakha elandelayo: Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni we-raber accelerator kanye ne-antioxidant, okungahlukaniswa cishe kube izinhlobo ezinhlanu zemikhiqizo, okuyi-p-aminobenzidine, i-hydroquinone, i-diphenylamine, i-cyclohexylamine kanye ne-dicyclohexylamine. Iningi lale mikhiqizo ye-aniline isetshenziswa emkhakheni we-raber antioxidant, njenge-p-amino diphenylamine ingakhiqiza i-antioxidant 4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D, njll.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-raber accelerator kanye ne-antioxidant emkhakheni we-raber accelerator kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aniline emkhakheni we-raber, okwenza kube ngaphezu kwe-11% yenani eliphelele lokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline, imikhiqizo eyinhloko emele yi-p-aminobenzidine kanye ne-hydroquinone.

Kuma-diazo compounds, kusetshenziswa i-aniline ne-nitrate kanye neminye imikhiqizo, imikhiqizo ingakhiqizwa yi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, i-p-hydroxyaniline, i-p-hydroxyabenzene, i-phenylhydrazine, i-fluorobenzene njalo njalo. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yodayi, imithi kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Imikhiqizo emele yile: i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, okuyidayi ye-azo yokwenziwa, idayi yezwi lomzwi, idayi ehlakazekile, esetshenziswa futhi ekwenziweni kopende kanye nombala futhi njengenkomba, njll. I-P-hydroxyaniline isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-sulphide blue FBG, i-weak acid bright yellow 5G kanye neminye imibala, ukwenziwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine kanye neminye imithi, esetshenziswa futhi ekukhiqizweni konjiniyela, i-antioxidant njalo njalo.

Njengamanje, iningi lamakhemikhali e-aniline asetshenziswa embonini yodayi yaseShayina yi-p-amino-abenzene hydrochloride kanye ne-p-hydroxyaniline, okubalwa cishe u-1% wokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline, okuyindlela ebalulekile yokusebenzisa amakhemikhali e-nitrogen engxenyeni engezansi ye-aniline kanye nesiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo lobuchwepheshe bemboni yamanje.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-aniline ngaphansi komfula ukuhlanganiswa kwe-aniline, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-p-iodoaniline, i-o-chloroaniline, i-2.4.6-trichloraniline, i-n-acetoacetaniline, i-n-formylaniline, i-phenylurea, i-diphenylurea, i-phenylthiourea neminye imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-halogenation ye-aniline, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20, ezibe yisiqondiso esibalulekile sokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali amancane aphansi kwe-aniline.

Enye indlela ebalulekile yokusabela kwe-aniline ukusabela kokunciphisa, njenge-aniline ne-hydrogen ukukhiqiza i-cyclohexamine, i-aniline kanye ne-concentrated sulfuric acid kanye ne-soda ukukhiqiza i-bicyclohexane, i-aniline kanye ne-sulfuric acid kanye ne-sulfur trioxide ukukhiqiza i-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid. Lolu hlobo lokusabela ludinga inani elikhulu lezinto ezisizayo, futhi inani lemikhiqizo engezansi alilikhulu, cishe kulinganiselwa ukuthi lingaba izinhlobo ezinhlanu zemikhiqizo.

 Phakathi kwazo, njenge-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, ukukhiqiza udayi we-azo, osetshenziswa njenge-reference reagent, i-reagent yokuhlola kanye ne-chromatographic analysis reagent, kungasetshenziswa futhi njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukugqwala kukakolweni. I-Dicyclohexamine, ukulungiswa kwezinto ezihlanganisa udayi, kanye nokugqwala kukakolweni kwendwangu yezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nokulungiswa kwezinongo nokunye.

Izimo zokunciphisa ukusabela kwe-aniline zinzima kakhulu. Njengamanje, iningi lazo ligxile esigabeni sokukhiqiza elabhorethri kanye nesigaba esincane eShayina, futhi isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa sincane kakhulu. Akuyona indlela eyinhloko yokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali amancane e-aniline.

Ukwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali amancane kusetshenziswa i-aniline njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kuhlanganisa ukusabela kwe-arylation, ukusabela kwe-alkylation, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kanye ne-nitrification, ukusabela kwe-cyclization, ukusabela kwe-aldehyde condensation kanye nokusabela okuhlanganisiwe okuyinkimbinkimbi. I-Aniline ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okuningi kwamakhemikhali, futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezingezansi.