Ngemva kwentuthuko ecishe ibe yikhulu, imboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina isiyizwe elikhula ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi umjikelezo wezimboni umfushane kakhulu kunalowo wemboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu, eMelika, eJapane naseNingizimu Korea. EYurophu, eMelika nakwamanye amazwe, kuthatha iminyaka embalwa kuphela ukufinyelela esigabeni sokukala, futhi imboni yamakhemikhali yaseChina isisondela ekupheleni. Umehluko wukuthi ngemva kwesigaba esikhulu semboni yamakhemikhali eYurophu naseMelika, inani lemikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali esekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu landa kakhulu, kuyilapho e-China, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okulinganiselwe kobuchwepheshe, umthamo wokuhlinzekwa kwemakethe wenhlawulo. amakhemikhali akhula kancane.

Eminyakeni eyi-5-10 ezayo, uhlelo olukhulu lwemboni yamakhemikhali yaseShayina luzophela futhi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa okuhle izosheshisa. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwasekhaya, ikakhulukazi lezo ezixhumene namabhizinisi ahamba phambili, zandisa utshalomali lwazo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhemikhali amahle eShayina, eyokuqala wucwaningo olujulile lokucubungula kusetshenziswa ama-hydrocarbon ane-carbon ephansi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanti umfula ongezansi ugxile kakhulu emikhakheni yemithi, izibulala-zinambuzane neminye imikhakha. Okwesibili, ukucutshungulwa okujulile nokusetshenziswa kwama-polycarbon hydrocarbons, phansi komfula ezintweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu zamakhemikhali, izithasiselo neminye imikhakha; Okwesithathu, ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanzwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-carbon hydrocarbon ephezulu kanye nokucutshungulwa okujulile nokusetshenziswa, phansi komfula ku-surfactant, plasticizer neminye imikhakha.

Uma kucatshangelwa ubukhulu bezindleko, ukwandiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali emihle yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinekhabhoni ephansi kuyindlela eshibhe kakhulu yokukhiqiza nokucwaninga. Njengamanje, izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi e-China zandisa ngenkuthalo ucwaningo lwemboni yamakhemikhali e-carbon hydrocarbon emihle. Imikhiqizo emele iwukunwetshwa kwamakhemikhali okuhle kwe-isobutylene industry chain kanye nokunwetshwa kwamakhemikhali okuhle kwe-aniline industry chain.

Ngokophenyo lokuqala, uchungechunge lwezimboni lwamakhemikhali amahle angaphezu kuka-50 lunwetshiwe phansi komfula we-isobutene ohlanzekile, futhi izinga lokuhluzwa kweketango lezimboni lemikhiqizo engaphansi komfula liphezulu. I-Aniline inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-60 zamakhemikhali amahle ezansi nomfula ukunwetshwa kochungechunge lwezimboni, izikhombisi-ndlela zokufaka isicelo esingezansi ziningi.

Njengamanje, i-aniline ikhiqizwa kakhulu yi-catalytic hydrogenation ye-nitrobenzene, okuwukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogenation ye-nitric acid, i-hydrogen ne-benzene emsulwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa ezansi nomfula emikhakheni ye-MDI, izithasiselo zenjoloba, odayi neziphakathi zezokwelapha, izithasiselo zikaphethiloli nokunye. I-benzene ehlanzekile emabhizinisini okuhluza uwoyela kanye nokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nemikhiqizo kawoyela, ekhuthaza ukunwetshwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kochungechunge lwezimboni olusezansi nomfula lwe-benzene ehlanzekile, osekuyiyona mboni yocwaningo lwamakhemikhali nentuthuko.

Ngokwezimboni ezihlukene lapho kusetshenziswa khona imikhiqizo engaphansi komfula i-p-aniline, ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yizimboni ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni we-rubber accelerator kanye ne-antioxidant, engahlukaniswa cishe ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu zemikhiqizo. , okuyi-p-aminobenzidine, i-hydroquinone, i-diphenylamine, i-cyclohexylamine ne-dicyclohexylamine. Iningi lale mikhiqizo ye-aniline isetshenziswa emkhakheni we-raber antioxidant, njenge-p-amino diphenylamine ingakhiqiza i-antioxidant 4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D, njll.

Ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni we-accelerator yenjoloba kanye ne-antioxidant kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula emkhakheni wenjoloba, kubalwa ngaphezu kwe-11% yokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula, imikhiqizo emele kakhulu i-p-aminobenzidine ne-hydroquinone.

Kuma-diazo compounds, kusetshenziswa i-aniline ne-nitrate neminye imikhiqizo, imikhiqizo engakhiqizwa i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, i-p-hydroxyaniline, i-p-hydroxyazobenzene, i-phenylhydrazine, i-fluorobenzene njalonjalo. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yodayi, kwezemithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane. Imikhiqizo emele yilena: i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, okuwudayi we-azo wokwenziwa, udayi wezwi we-um, udayi wokuhlakaza, osetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni upende nombala futhi njengenkomba, njll. I-P-hydroxyaniline isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. ye-sulphide eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-FBG, i-asidi ebuthakathaka ephuzi ekhanyayo i-5G kanye nabanye odayi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine nezinye izidakamizwa, ezibuye zisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni umthuthukisi, i-antioxidant nokunye.

Njengamanje, izingxube eziningi ze-aniline ezisetshenziswa embonini yokudayi yaseShayina ziyi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride kanye ne-p-hydroxyaniline, ezibalelwa cishe ku-1% wokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula, okuyindlela ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen ezansi nomfula we-aniline kanye nomfula. futhi isiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo lwamanje lobuchwepheshe bemboni.

Okunye okubalulekile kokusetshenziswa kwe-aniline ezansi nomfula ukukhiqizwa kwe-aniline, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-p-iodoaniline, o-chloroaniline, 2.4.6-trichloraniline, n-acetoacetaniline, n-formylaniline, phenylurea, diphenylurea, phenylthiourea neminye imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-aniline ye-halogenation, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngu-20, eseziphenduke inkomba ebalulekile yokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali esezingeni eliphansi le-aniline.

Okunye ukusabela okubalulekile kwe-aniline ukusabela kokunciphisa, njenge-aniline ne-hydrogen ukukhiqiza i-cyclohexamine, i-aniline ne-concentrated sulfuric acid nesoda ukukhiqiza i-bicyclohexane, i-aniline ne-sulfuric acid kanye ne-sulfur trioxide ukukhiqiza i-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid. Lolu hlobo lokusabela ludinga inani elikhulu lezinto ezisizayo, futhi inani lemikhiqizo engaphansi komfula alilikhulu, lilinganiselwa ukuthi lingaba izinhlobo ezinhlanu zemikhiqizo.

 Phakathi kwazo, njenge-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, odayi be-azo, osetshenziswa njengereferensi yereferensi, i-reagent yokuhlola kanye ne-chromatographic reagent yokuhlaziya, ingasetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukugqwala kukakolweni. I-Dicyclohexamine, ukulungiswa kwama-intermediates odayi, kanye nokugqwala kwe-pesticide textile kakolweni, kanye nokulungiswa kwezinongo nokunye.

Izimo zokusabela ezincishisiwe ze-aniline zinzima uma kuqhathaniswa. Njengamanje, iningi labo ligxile endaweni yokukhiqiza kanye nesiteji sokukhiqiza eChina, futhi ingxenye yokusetshenziswa incane kakhulu. Akuyona indlela eyinhloko yokwandiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali asezingeni eliphansi le-aniline.

Ukunwetshwa kochungechunge lwemboni yamakhemikhali emihle kusetshenziswa i-aniline njengento eluhlaza kuhlanganisa ukusabela kwe-arylation, ukusabela kwe-alkylation, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kanye ne-nitrification, ukusabela kwe-cyclization, ukusabela kwe-aldehyde condensation kanye nokusabela kwenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi. I-Aniline ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuningi, futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezansi nomfula.