Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile

1. Incazelo

Isenzakalo lapho izakhi zokuhlanganisa zincibilika khona ensimbini eyisisekelo ukuze kubangele izinga elithile lokuphambuka kwe-lattice ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe amandla e-alloy.

2. Isimiso

Ama-athomu ancibilikisiwe esixazululweni esiqinile abangela ukuphambuka kwe-lattice, okwandisa ukumelana kokunyakaza kokuhlukana, kwenza kube nzima ukushelela, futhi kwandisa amandla nokuqina kwesisombululo esiqinile se-alloy. Lesi simo sokuqinisa insimbi ngokuncibilikisa isici esithile se-solute ukuze sakhe isisombululo esiqinile sibizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile. Lapho ukuhlushwa kwama-athomu ancibilikisiwe kufaneleka, amandla nokuqina kwezinto kunganda, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kanye nokuqina kwayo kuye kwehla.

3. Izinto ezithonyayo

Uma ingxenye ye-athomu yama-athomu ancibilikayo iphakeme, kulapho umphumela wokuqinisa uba mkhulu khona, ikakhulukazi lapho ingxenye ye-athomu iphansi kakhulu, umphumela wokuqinisa uba mkhulu kakhulu.

Uma umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute nosayizi we-athomu wensimbi eyisisekelo, kulapho umphumela wokuqinisa uba mkhulu khona.

Ama-athomu e-interstitial solute anomphumela omkhulu wokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile kunama-athomu okufaka esikhundleni, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuphambuka kwe-lattice kwama-athomu e-interstitial kuma-cubic crystals agxile emzimbeni akulingani, umphumela wawo wokuqinisa mkhulu kunowama-cubic crystals agxile ebusweni; kodwa ama-athomu e-interstitial Ukuncibilika okuqinile kulinganiselwe kakhulu, ngakho-ke umphumela wangempela wokuqinisa nawo ulinganiselwe.

Uma umehluko omkhulu enanini lama-electron e-valence phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute kanye nensimbi eyisisekelo, kulapho umphumela wokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile ubonakala khona, okungukuthi, amandla okukhiqiza esixazululo esiqinile ayanda ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwama-electron e-valence.

4. Izinga lokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile lincike kakhulu kulezi zinto ezilandelayo

Umehluko ngobukhulu phakathi kwama-athomu e-matrix nama-athomu e-solute. Uma umehluko wobukhulu umkhulu, kulapho ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sekristalu sokuqala kuba kukhulu, futhi kuba nzima kakhulu ukushelela kwe-dislocation.

Inani lezinto ezihlanganisayo. Uma izinto ezihlanganisayo ziningi, umphumela wokuqinisa uba mkhulu. Uma ama-athomu amaningi kakhulu emakhulu kakhulu noma emancane kakhulu, ukuncibilika kuzodlula. Lokhu kuhilela enye indlela yokuqinisa, ukuqinisa isigaba esihlakazekile.

Ama-athomu e-interstitial solute anomphumela wokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile kakhulu kunama-athomu okufaka esikhundleni.

Uma umehluko omkhulu enanini lama-electron e-valence phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute kanye nensimbi eyisisekelo, kulapho umphumela wokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile ubaluleke khona.

5. Umphumela

Amandla okukhiqiza, amandla okudonsa kanye nokuqina kunamandla kunezinsimbi ezimsulwa;

Ezimweni eziningi, ukuguquguquka kuphansi kunokwensimbi emsulwa;

Ukuqhuba kwe-conductivity kuphansi kakhulu kunensimbi emsulwa;

Ukumelana nokucwila, noma ukulahlekelwa amandla emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kungathuthukiswa ngokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile.

Ukuqinisa umsebenzi

1. Incazelo

Njengoba izinga lokuguquka kokushisa likhula, amandla nokuqina kwezinto zensimbi kuyanda, kodwa ukuqina nokuqina kuyancipha.

2. Isingeniso

Isenzakalo lapho amandla nokuqina kwezinto zensimbi kukhuphuka khona lapho ziguquguquka ngepulasitiki ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuphinda kusetshenziswe, kuyilapho ukuqina nokuqina kwehla. Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuqina komsebenzi obandayo. Isizathu siwukuthi lapho insimbi iguquguquka ngepulasitiki, izinhlamvu zekristalu ziyashelela futhi zihlukane, okubangela ukuthi izinhlamvu zekristalu zinde, ziphuke, futhi zibe yi-fiber, futhi kukhiqizwe ukucindezeleka okusele ensimbini. Izinga lokuqina komsebenzi livame ukubonakaliswa yisilinganiso sokuqina okuncane kwengqimba engaphezulu ngemva kokucutshungulwa nalokho ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa kanye nokujula kwengqimba eqinile.

3. Ukuchazwa ngokombono wethiyori yokuhlukaniswa

(1) Kwenzeka ukuhlukana phakathi kokuhlukana, futhi ukuhlukana okubangelwayo kuphazamisa ukunyakaza kokuhlukana;

(2) Ukusabela kwenzeka phakathi kokuphazamiseka, futhi ukuguquguquka okuhleliwe okwakhayo kuvimbela ukunyakaza kokuphazamiseka;

(3) Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwenzeka, futhi ukwanda kobuningi bokuhlukana kwandisa kakhulu ukumelana nokunyakaza kokuhlukana.

4. Ingozi

Ukuqina komsebenzi kuletha ubunzima ekucutshungulweni okuqhubekayo kwezingxenye zensimbi. Isibonelo, enkambisweni yokugoqa ipuleti lensimbi ngokubandayo, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuligoqa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukuncibilikisa okuphakathi ngesikhathi senqubo yokucubungula ukuze kuqedwe ukuqina komsebenzi ngokushisa. Esinye isibonelo ukwenza ubuso bomsebenzi bube buthaka futhi buqine enkambisweni yokusika, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi nokwandisa amandla okusika.

5. Izinzuzo

Kungathuthukisa amandla, ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi kulezo zinsimbi ezimsulwa kanye nama-alloy athile angenakuthuthukiswa ngokwelashwa kokushisa. Isibonelo, ucingo lwensimbi oludonswa ngokubandayo olunamandla aphezulu kanye nesiphethu esigoqiwe ngokubandayo, njll., kusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kokusebenza okubandayo ukuthuthukisa amandla ayo kanye nomkhawulo wokunwebeka. Esinye isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kokuqina komsebenzi ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwamatangi, imizila yetractor, imihlathi ye-crusher kanye nokujika kwesitimela.

6. Indima kubunjiniyela bemishini

Ngemva kokudweba okubandayo, ukugoqa nokuphonsa isibhamu (bheka ukuqinisa ubuso) kanye nezinye izinqubo, amandla obuso bezinto zensimbi, izingxenye kanye nezingxenye angathuthukiswa kakhulu;

Ngemva kokuba izingxenye zicindezelwe, ukucindezeleka kwendawo kwezingxenye ezithile kuvame ukweqa umkhawulo wesivuno sezinto ezibonakalayo, okubangela ukuguquka kwepulasitiki. Ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, ukuqhubeka kokuthuthuka kokuguquka kwepulasitiki kunqunyelwe, okungathuthukisa ukuphepha kwezingxenye nezingxenye;

Uma ingxenye yensimbi noma ingxenye igxivizwa, ukuguquka kwayo kwepulasitiki kuhambisana nokuqina, ukuze ukuguquka kudluliselwe engxenyeni eqinisiwe engakasetshenzwa eyizungezile. Ngemva kwezenzo ezinjalo eziphindaphindwayo ezishintshanayo, izingxenye zokunyathela ezibandayo ezine-deformation efanayo ye-cross-sectional zingatholakala;

Kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwensimbi ephansi yekhabhoni futhi kwenze kube lula ukuhlukanisa ama-chip. Kodwa ukuqina komsebenzi kuletha ubunzima ekucutshungulweni okuqhubekayo kwezingxenye zensimbi. Isibonelo, ucingo lwensimbi oludonswayo olubandayo ludla amandla amaningi ukuze ludonswe kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, futhi lungase luphuke. Ngakho-ke, kumele lufakwe emanzini ukuze kuqedwe ukuqina komsebenzi ngaphambi kokudweba. Esinye isibonelo ukuthi ukuze kwenziwe ubuso bomsebenzi bube buthaka futhi bube nzima ngesikhathi sokusika, amandla okusika ayanda ngesikhathi sokusika kabusha, futhi ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi kuyasheshiswa.

Ukuqinisa okusanhlamvu okuhle

1. Incazelo

Indlela yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zezinto zensimbi ngokucwenga izinhlamvu zekristalu ibizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa ukucwenga kwekristalu. Embonini, amandla ezinto athuthukiswa ngokucwenga izinhlamvu zekristalu.

2. Isimiso

Izinsimbi ngokuvamile ziyi-polycrystals ezakhiwe ngezinhlamvu eziningi zekristalu. Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zekristalu bungabonakaliswa ngenani lezinhlamvu zekristalu ngevolumu ngayinye. Uma inani lilikhulu, kulapho izinhlamvu zekristalu zincipha khona. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi izinsimbi ezincane ezisezingeni lokushisa kwegumbi zinamandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni, i-plasticity kanye nokuqina kunezinsimbi ezincane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu ezincane zidlula ekuguqulweni kwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle futhi zingasakazwa ezinhlamvini eziningi, ukuguquka kwepulasitiki kuyafana kakhulu, futhi ukugxilisa ukucindezeleka kuncane; ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho izinhlamvu zincipha khona, indawo yomngcele wokusanhlamvu inkulu kanye nemingcele yokusanhlamvu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lapho ukusabalala kwemifantu kungathandeki khona. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla ezinto ngokucwenga izinhlamvu zekristalu ibizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa ukucwengisiswa kokusanhlamvu embonini.

3. Umphumela

Uma usayizi wezinhlamvu uncane, inani lokuhlukaniswa (n) eqenjini lokuhlukaniswa lincane. Ngokusho kuka-τ=nτ0, lapho ukugxilisa ukucindezeleka kuncane, kulapho amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo ephakama khona;

Umthetho wokuqinisa ukuqina kwezinhlamvu ezinhle ukuthi uma imingcele yezinhlamvu inkulu, kulapho izinhlamvu ziba zincane khona. Ngokusho kobudlelwano beHall-Peiqi, lapho inani elimaphakathi (d) lezinhlamvu lincane, kulapho amandla esivuno sezinto ezibonakalayo ephakama khona.

4. Indlela yokucwenga okusanhlamvu

Khulisa izinga lokupholisa phansi;

Ukwelashwa kokuwohloka;

Ukudlidliza nokuvuselela;

Ngezinsimbi ezikhubazeke ngendlela ebandayo, izinhlamvu zekristalu zingahlungwa ngokulawula izinga lokuguquguquka kanye nokushisa okuncibilikisiwe.

Ukuqinisa isigaba sesibili

1. Incazelo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloy esigaba esisodwa, ama-alloy esigaba esiningi anesigaba sesibili ngaphezu kwesigaba se-matrix. Uma isigaba sesibili sisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo esigabeni se-matrix ngezinhlayiya ezincane ezihlakazekile, sizoba nomphumela obalulekile wokuqinisa. Lo mphumela wokuqinisa ubizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa isigaba sesibili.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa

Ngokuhamba kokususwa, isigaba sesibili esiqukethwe ku-alloy sinezimo ezimbili ezilandelayo:

(1) Ukuqinisa izinhlayiya ezingenakuguquguquka (indlela yokudlula).

(2) Ukuqinisa izinhlayiya eziguquguqukayo (indlela yokusika).

Kokubili ukuqina kokuhlakazeka kanye nokuqina kwemvula kuyizibonelo ezikhethekile zokuqina kwesigaba sesibili.

3. Umphumela

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibili ukusebenzisana phakathi kwazo kanye nokuhlukaniswa, okuvimbela ukunyakaza kokuhlukaniswa futhi kuthuthukise ukumelana kokuguquguquka kwe-alloy.

ngamafuphi

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta amandla ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye nesimo sobuso bento ngokwayo; okwesibili isimo samandla, njengejubane lamandla, indlela yokulayisha, ukwelula okulula noma amandla aphindaphindwayo, kuzobonisa amandla ahlukene; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-geometry nosayizi wesampula kanye nendawo yokuhlola nakho kunethonya elikhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokunquma. Isibonelo, amandla okudonsa ensimbi enamandla kakhulu emoyeni we-hydrogen angase ehle kakhulu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokuqinisa izinto zensimbi. Enye iwukukhulisa amandla okubopha aphakathi kwe-alloy, ukwandisa amandla ayo enkolelo-mbono, nokulungiselela ikristalu ephelele engenamaphutha, njenge-whiskers. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amandla e-iron whiskers asondele kakhulu enanini lenkolelo-mbono. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akukho ukuhlukana kuma-whiskers, noma inani elincane kuphela lokuhlukana elingakwazi ukwanda ngesikhathi senqubo yokuguquguquka. Ngeshwa, lapho ububanzi be-whiskers bukhulu, amandla ehla kakhulu. Enye indlela yokuqinisa ukufaka inani elikhulu lamaphutha ekristalu kukristalu, njengokuhlukana, amaphutha amaphuzu, ama-athomu angafani, imingcele yokusanhlamvu, izinhlayiya ezihlakazekile kakhulu noma ukungalingani (njengokuhlukaniswa), njll. La maphutha ayaphazamisa ukuhamba kokuhlukana futhi athuthukisa kakhulu amandla ensimbi. Amaqiniso afakazele ukuthi lena yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwandisa amandla ezinsimbi. Kwezinto zobunjiniyela, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa imiphumela yokuqinisa ephelele ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza okungcono okuphelele.