Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile

1. Incazelo

Isenzakalo lapho izakhi ze-alloying zincibilika kusisekelo sensimbi ukuze kubangele izinga elithile lokuhlanekezela kwe-lattice futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amandla e-alloy.

2. Isimiso

Ama-athomu e-solute ancibilikisiwe esixazululweni esiqinile abangela ukuhlanekezela kwe-lattice, okwandisa ukumelana nokunyakaza kokunyakaza, kwenza ukushelela kube nzima, futhi kwandisa amandla nobulukhuni besisombululo esiqinile se-alloy. Lesi senzo sokuqinisa insimbi ngokuncibilikisa i-solute element ethile ukuze kwakhiwe isixazululo esiqinile sibizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile. Lapho ukuhlangana kwama-athomu e-solute kufanelekile, amandla nobulukhuni bezinto ezibonakalayo kungandiswa, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kanye ne-plasticity kuye kwehlile.

3. Izici ezithonyayo

Ukuphakama kwengxenye ye-athomu yama-athomu e-solute, umphumela omkhulu wokuqinisa, ikakhulukazi uma ingxenye ye-athomu iphansi kakhulu, umphumela wokuqinisa ubaluleke kakhulu.

Uma umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute nosayizi we-athomu yensimbi eyisisekelo, umphumela omkhulu wokuqiniswa.

Ama-athomu e-Interstitial solute anomphumela oqina omkhulu wokuqinisa isixazululo kunama-athomu ashintshwayo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlanekezela kwe-lattice kwama-athomu aphakathi nendawo kumakristalu e-cubic agxile emzimbeni ku-asymmetric, umphumela wawo wokuqiniswa mkhulu kunalowo wamakristalu e-cubic agxile ebusweni; kodwa ama-athomu angama-interstitial I-solubility eqinile ilinganiselwe kakhulu, ngakho-ke umphumela wangempela wokuqinisa nawo unomkhawulo.

Umehluko omkhulu enanini lama-electron e-valence phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute kanye nesisekelo sensimbi, umphumela ocacile wokuqinisa isisombululo, okungukuthi, amandla okukhiqiza esixazululo esiqinile akhula ngokukhula kokuhlushwa kwe-electron ye-valence.

4. Izinga lokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinile ikakhulukazi lincike ezintweni ezilandelayo

Umehluko ngosayizi phakathi kwama-athomu e-matrix nama-athomu e-solute. Uma umehluko wosayizi mkhulu, kuba mkhulu ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sekristalu sokuqala, futhi kuba nzima nakakhulu isiliphu sokususa.

Inani lama-elementi e-alloying. Izakhi ze-alloying ezengeziwe zengeziwe, umphumela omkhulu wokuqinisa. Uma ama-athomu amaningi emakhulu kakhulu noma emancane kakhulu, ukuncibilika kuzokweqiwa. Lokhu kubandakanya enye indlela yokuqinisa, ukuqiniswa kwesigaba esihlakazekile.

Ama-athomu e-Interstitial solute anomphumela oqinile omkhulu wokuqinisa isisombululo kunama-athomu ashintshayo.

Uma umehluko omkhulu enanini lama-electron e-valence phakathi kwama-athomu e-solute nensimbi eyisisekelo, ubaluleke kakhulu umphumela wokuqinisa isisombululo.

5. Umphumela

Amandla okukhiqiza, amandla aqinile kanye nobulukhuni kunamandla kunezinsimbi ezihlanzekile;

Ezimweni eziningi, i-ductility iphansi kunaleyo yensimbi ehlanzekile;

I-conductivity iphansi kakhulu kunensimbi ehlanzekile;

Ukumelana ne-Creep, noma ukulahlekelwa amandla emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kungathuthukiswa ngokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinile.

Ukusebenza kanzima

1. Incazelo

Njengoba izinga le-deformation ebandayo likhula, amandla nobulukhuni bezinto zensimbi buyakhula, kodwa i-plasticity nokuqina kuyehla.

2. Isingeniso

Isenzakalo lapho amandla nobulukhuni bezinto zensimbi kukhula lapho zikhubazeka ngokwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-recrystallization, kuyilapho i-plasticity nokuqina kuncipha. Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuqina komsebenzi obandayo. Isizathu siwukuthi lapho insimbi ikhubazekile ngokwepulasitiki, izinhlayiya zekristalu ziyashelela futhi zihlakazeke, okubangela ukuthi izinhlamvu zekristalu zibe zinde, ziphuke, futhi zibe ne-fiberize, futhi ukucindezeleka okusalayo kukhiqizwa ensimbi. Izinga lokuqina komsebenzi livame ukuvezwa isilinganiso sokuqina okuncane kongqimba olungaphezulu ngemva kokucubungula kulokho ngaphambi kokucubungula kanye nokujula kongqimba oluqinile.

3. Ukuhunyushwa ngokombono we-dislocation theory

(1) Ukuphambana kwemigwaqo kwenzeka phakathi kokuhlukaniswa, futhi ukusikeka okubangelwayo kuvimbela ukunyakaza kokuhlukaniswa;

(2) Ukusabela kwenzeka phakathi kokuhlukaniswa, futhi ukukhishwa okuhleliwe okwenziwe kuvimbela ukunyakaza kokukhishwa;

(3) Ukwanda kokukhishwa kwe-dislocation kwenzeka, futhi ukwanda kwe-dislocation density kwandisa ukumelana nokunyakaza kokunyakaza.

4. Ukulimaza

Ukuqina komsebenzi kuletha ubunzima ekuqhubekiseni phambili izingxenye zensimbi. Isibonelo, ohlelweni lokugoqa okubandayo ipuleti lensimbi, lizoba nzima futhi libe nzima ukugoqa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukukhishwa okuphakathi ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukuze kuqedwe ukuqina kwayo ngokushisa. Esinye isibonelo ukwenza ubuso be-workpiece bube bushelelezi futhi buqine ngesikhathi sokusika, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe ukugqoka kwamathuluzi nokwandisa amandla okusika.

5. Izinzuzo

Ingathuthukisa amandla, ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokugqokwa kwezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi kulezo zinsimbi ezihlanzekile nama-alloys athile angeke athuthukiswe ukwelashwa kokushisa. Isibonelo, izintambo zensimbi ezinamandla abandayo ezidonswa ngamakhaza kanye nentwasahlobo egoqelwe ngokubanda, njll., sebenzisa ukuguquguquka kokusebenza okubandayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla kanye nomkhawulo wokunwebeka. Esinye isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kokuqina komsebenzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni nokumelana nokugqoka kwamathangi, amathrekhi kagandaganda, imihlathi ye-crusher kanye nokuphuma kukaloliwe.

6. Iqhaza kubunjiniyela bemishini

Ngemuva kokudweba okubandayo, ukugoqa nokudutshulwa (bheka ukuqinisa ubuso) nezinye izinqubo, amandla angaphezulu kwezinto zensimbi, izingxenye kanye nezingxenye zingathuthukiswa kakhulu;

Ngemuva kokuthi izingxenye zigcizelelwe, ukucindezeleka kwendawo kwezingxenye ezithile kuvame ukudlula umkhawulo wesivuno sezinto ezibonakalayo, okubangela ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki. Ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kuvinjelwe, okungathuthukisa ukuphepha kwezingxenye kanye nezingxenye;

Uma ingxenye yensimbi noma ingxenye igxiliwe, ukuguqulwa kwayo kwepulasitiki kuhambisana nokuqiniswa, ukuze ukuguqulwa kudluliselwe engxenyeni engasebenzi eqinile ezungezile. Ngemuva kwezenzo ezinjalo zokushintshana okuphindaphindiwe, izingxenye ezibandayo zokugxiviza ezine-uniform cross-sectional deformation zingatholakala;

Ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwensimbi ye-carbon ephansi futhi yenze ama-chips ahlukaniseke kalula. Kodwa ukuqina komsebenzi kuletha nobunzima ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezingxenye zensimbi. Isibonelo, intambo yensimbi edonsa ngokubanda idla amandla amaningi ukuze iqhubeke nokudweba ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, futhi ingase iphuke. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuvinjelwe ukuqeda ukuqina komsebenzi ngaphambi kokudweba. Esinye isibonelo ukuthi ukuze wenze ubuso be-workpiece bube bushelelezi futhi bube nzima ngesikhathi sokusika, amandla okusika ayanda ngesikhathi sokusika kabusha, futhi ukugqoka kwamathuluzi kuyashesha.

Ukuqinisa okusanhlamvu okuhle

1. Incazelo

Indlela yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zensimbi ngokucwenga okusanhlamvu kwekristalu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa i-crystal refining. Embonini, amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo athuthukiswa ngokucwenga okusanhlamvu kwekristalu.

2. Isimiso

Izinsimbi ngokuvamile ziyi-polycrystals eyakhiwa izinhlamvu eziningi zekristalu. Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zekristalu bungabonakaliswa ngenani lezinhlamvu zekristalu ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye. Uma inani liyanda, izinhlayiya zekristalu ziba ngcono. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izinsimbi ezisanhlamvu kahle ezingeni lokushisa legumbi zinamandla aphakeme, ubulukhuni, ipulasitiki nokuqina kunezinsimbi ezimahhadlahhadla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okusanhlamvu okuhle kungena ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle futhi kungahlakazwa ngezinhlamvu eziningi, ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kufana kakhulu, futhi ukugxila kwengcindezi kuncane; ngaphezu kwalokho, okusanhlamvu kucolekile, indawo yomngcele wokusanhlamvu iba nkulu kanye nemingcele yokusanhlamvu ehlukumeza kakhulu. Okubi nakakhulu ukusakazeka kwemifantu. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla ezinto ngokucwenga okusanhlamvu kwekristalu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa okusanhlamvu embonini.

3. Umphumela

Usayizi wokusanhlamvu ube mncane, iba ncane inombolo yokugudluzwa (n) kuqoqo lokuhlukanisa. Ngokusho kuka-τ=nτ0, ukugxila okuncane kokucindezeleka, kuyanda amandla wento;

Umthetho oqinisayo wokuqinisa okusanhlamvu ukuthi imingcele eminingi yokusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu kuyancipha. Ngokuya ngobudlelwane be-Hall-Peiqi, ukuba ncane kwevelu emaphakathi (d) yezinhlamvu, kuyanda amandla esivuno sento.

4. Indlela yokucwenga okusanhlamvu

Khulisa izinga le-subcooling;

Ukwelashwa kokuwohloka;

Ukudlidliza nokunyakazisa;

Ngezinsimbi ezikhubazekile ezibandayo, izinhlamvu zekristalu zingacwengwa ngokulawula izinga lokuguquguquka kanye nezinga lokushisa le-annealing.

Ukuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibili

1. Incazelo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys esigaba esisodwa, ama-alloys ezigaba eziningi anesigaba sesibili ngaphezu kwesigaba se-matrix. Lapho isigaba sesibili sisatshalaliswa ngokufanayo esigabeni se-matrix ngezinhlayiya ezinhle ezihlakazekile, sizoba nomthelela obalulekile wokuqinisa. Lo mphumela wokuqinisa ubizwa ngokuthi ukuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibili.

2. Ukwahlukanisa

Ngokuhamba kokuhlukaniswa, isigaba sesibili esiqukethwe ku-alloy sinezimo ezimbili ezilandelayo:

(1) Ukuqiniswa kwezinhlayiya ezingenakonakala (i-bypass mechanism).

(2) Ukuqiniswa kwezinhlayiya ezikhubazekile (i-cut-through mechanism).

Kokubili ukuqinisa ukuhlakazeka nokuqinisa imvula kuyizimo ezikhethekile zokuqinisa isigaba sesibili.

3. Umphumela

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibili ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabo kanye nokukhishwa, okuvimbela ukunyakaza kokukhishwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukumelana ne-deformation ye-alloy.

ngamafuphi

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta amandla ukwakheka, ukwakheka kanye nesimo sobuso bento ngokwayo; okwesibili yisimo samandla, njengejubane lamandla, indlela yokulayisha, ukwelula okulula noma amandla aphindaphindiwe, azobonisa amandla ahlukene; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-geometry nosayizi wesampula kanye nendawo yokuhlola nakho kunethonya elikhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokunquma. Isibonelo, amandla aqinile wensimbi ephezulu-phezulu emkhathini we-hydrogen angase ehle kakhulu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokuqinisa izinto zensimbi. Enye iwukukhulisa amandla okuhlanganiswa kwe-interatomic engxubevange, ukwandise amandla ayo etiyetha, nokulungisa ikristalu eliphelele elingenasici, njengentshebe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amandla amadevu ensimbi aseduze nenani lethiyori. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi azikho ukukhishwa kwentshebe, noma inani elincane kuphela lokukhishwa elingakwazi ukwanda ngesikhathi senqubo yokuguqulwa. Ngeshwa, lapho ububanzi be-whisker bukhulu, amandla ehla kakhulu. Enye indlela yokuqinisa ukwethula inani elikhulu lamaphutha ekristalu ku-crystal, njengokuhlakazeka, ukukhubazeka kwamaphuzu, ama-athomu ahlukahlukene, imingcele yokusanhlamvu, izinhlayiya ezihlakazekile kakhulu noma ama-inhomogeneities (njengokuhlukaniswa), njll. Lezi ziphambeko zivimbela ukunyakaza kokuhlukaniswa kanye futhi Ngokuphawulekayo ngcono amandla ensimbi. Amaqiniso afakazele ukuthi lena yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwandisa amandla ezinsimbi. Okwezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela, ngokuvamile kungenxa yemiphumela eqinisayo ebanzi ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuphelele okuphelele.