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Isingeniso
Izinto zokudaya (umbala) ziyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali amahle, futhi intuthuko esheshayo yemboni yokudaya (umbala) incike ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezihambisana nayo.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokudaya kanye nezinto zokufaka umbala eShayina kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950, njengoba ukuncintisana okwandayo emakethe, izinto zokufaka umbala kanye nezinto zokufaka umbala kube yinto entsha kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza; impumelelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha, inqubo yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe, ucwaningo ngezindlela ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, njll., kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile ekukhiqizeni izinto zokufaka umbala kanye nezinto zokufaka umbala.

Okokuqala, ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo
Isithombe

Eqinisweni, ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlanganisa izinto ezingaphakathi kunezindlela eziningi, into ethile esetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlanganisa izinto ezingaphakathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezingaphakathi ezidayi, futhi esetshenziswa ezintweni ezibulala izinambuzane, ezemithi kanye nezibizwa ngokuthi izibulala-zinambuzane, izinto ezingaphakathi ezisebenzisa izinto ezingaphakathi ezidayisa imithi. Izinto ezingaphakathi kufanele zibhekwe njengegatsha lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle iyonke, akufanele zihlukaniswe ngokuqinile zibe izinto ezingaphakathi ezihlanganisa izinto ezingaphakathi ezidayi, izinto ezingaphakathi ezibulala izinambuzane, izinto ezingaphakathi ezidayisa imithi ngemboni, okuzonciphisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto ezingaphakathi futhi kuthinte intuthuko yazo.

Ucwaningo lwe-Fine chemical intermediates lubonakala ngezinhlobo eziningi, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesilinganiso sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi ze-tonnage azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inqubo yokulungiselela ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ehilela ukusabela okuningi kweyunithi kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa, ukukhiqizwa nakho kukhiqize inani elikhulu "lemfucuza emithathu" okudingeka iphathwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sihlanganyele ocwaningweni lwenqubo yemikhiqizo yochungechunge futhi sihlele ukukhiqizwa kwe-intermediates ngokufanele ukuze sithole izinzuzo ezinhle zesilinganiso.

Kusukela esimweni samazwe angaphandle, ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi zivame ukugxiliswa kahle ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge, isethi yemishini yokukhiqiza ingakhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana kuya kweziyishumi nambili zezinto eziphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa intuthuko iyonke, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kulula ukukusebenzisa, kuzofeza umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Isimo saseJapan singaba yisithenjwa sethu, ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwezinto eziphakathi eJapane nakho kusakazeke kakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1960 kube izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukulungisa, ukugxila.

Ngokuguqulwa kanye nentuthuko, imboni yaseShayina yokudaya nokufaka imibala isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, okungagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudaya nokufaka imibala yasekhaya, kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu emazweni angaphandle.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezisetshenziswayo zitholakala kakhulu emikhiqizweni yemboni yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye ne-coking, iningi lazo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, kanye namanye amakhemikhali e-heterocyclic, kanye nemibala ephilayo elungiselelwe ngama-heterocyclic compounds intermediates iyanda eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, uchungechunge lwe-biphenyl lwamakhemikhali, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamadayi, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kuzoba kubanzi kakhulu futhi kube yinto yonke.

Okwesibili, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwabaphakathi
Isithombe

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zizocutshungulwa zibe yizimboni ezisebenzisa umbala (umbala) ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali yilezi ezilandelayo.

(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitration
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela kokuxhuma)
(6) ukusabela kwe-alkali fusion ukuze kuthathelwe indawo iqembu le-sulfonic acid libe yi-hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-Acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) ukusabela kokujiya kanye ne-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) ukusabela kokushintshana kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl nama-amino
(12) ukusabela kwe-hydroxyl noma i-amino hydrocarbonation

Ngokwesakhiwo sendandatho eyinhloko ye-aromatic yama-intermediate amahle amakhemikhali, ama-intermediate angahlukaniswa ngohlelo lwe-aliphatic, uhlelo lwe-benzene, uhlelo lwe-naphthalene, uhlelo lwe-anthraquinone, uhlelo lwe-heterocyclic kanye nohlelo lwendandatho ewugqinsi. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza i-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, uhlelo lwe-heterocyclic, njengokudaya, ama-intermediate e-pigment angaphezu kuka-400, ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokudaya, imboni.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-benzene yilezi.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, i-o-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrophenol, i-N,N-dimethylaniline, i-p-aminoanisole, i-p-nitroaniline, i-o-toluidine, i-2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, i-N-ethylaniline, i-m-hydroxydiethylaniline, i-2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, i-om-phenylenediamine, i-3,3-dichlorobenzidine, i-bianisidine, i-p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, i-o-, i-p-aminoanisole, i-DSD, njll. I-N-methyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-m-toluidine, i-N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, i-N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, I-N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. i-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, i-N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, i-p-toluidine, i-ethoxy aniline, i-2-4-dimethyl aniline, i-4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, i-4-methoxy-3-amino-N, i-N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-m- kanye ne-para-esters, njll.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-naphthalene intermediates yilezi.

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-tartaric acid, i-6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, i-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-γ-acid, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njll. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-anthraquinone intermediates yilezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, I-1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-heterocyclic kanye nesistimu yendandatho ewugqinsi yilezi.

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, i-naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, i-! tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.