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Isingeniso
Ukudaya (umbala) okuphakathi kuyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle, futhi ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemboni yokudaya (umbala) kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kwabaphakathi abahamba nayo.

Ukukhiqizwa kokudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates e-China kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950, ngokuncintisana okushubile emakethe, ukudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates kuye kwaba yinto entsha kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza; impumelelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha, inqubo yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe, ucwaningo lwezindlela ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, njll., kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bokukhiqiza ukudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates.

Okokuqala, ukuthuthukiswa ukusetshenziswa intermediates
Isithombe

Eqinisweni, ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwama-intermediates kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, okuphakathi okuthile okusetshenziselwa udayi okubizwa ngokuthi ama-dyes intermediates, futhi kusetshenziselwa izibulala-zinambuzane, imithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-pesticides, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Abaphakathi kufanele babhekwe njengegatsha lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle iyonke, akufanele ihlukaniswe ngokuqinile ibe yi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates yimboni, okuzonciphisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwamanye ama-intermediates futhi kuthinte ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.

Ucwaningo oluhle lwe-chemical intermediates lubonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesikali sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi zamathani azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inqubo yokulungiselela ngokuvamile iyinkimbinkimbi, ehilela ukusabela kwamayunithi amaningi kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa. , ukukhiqizwa kuphinde kwakhiqiza inani elikhulu “lemfucumfucu emithathu” edinga ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sizibandakanye ocwaningweni lwenqubo yochungechunge lwemikhiqizo futhi sihlele ukukhiqizwa kwezimaphakathi ngokunengqondo ukuze sithole izinzuzo zesikali esihle.

Kusukela esimeni samazwe angaphandle, ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwabaphakathi kuvame ukugxilwa kahle ukuze kuzuzwe uchungechunge lokukhiqiza, isethi yemishini yokukhiqiza ingakhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana kuya kweziyishumi nambili zabaphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa intuthuko jikelele, ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha busebenziseka kalula, buzofinyelela umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Isimo saseJapane singase sibe yinkomba yethu, ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwama-intermediates eJapane nakho kuhlakazekile kakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1960 kuye kwaba izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ukulungisa, ukugxila.

Ngoguquko nentuthuko, imboni yaseChina yokudaya kanye ne-pigment intermediates isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, elingakwazi kuphela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yasekhaya yokudaya kanye ne-pigment, kodwa futhi ihlinzeke ngezinga eliphezulu lezinto eziphakathi. emazweni angaphandle.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezimaphakathi zitholakala ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-petroleum kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali e-coking, iningi lawo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone compounds, kanye namanye ama-heterocyclic compounds, kanye ne-organic pigments elungiswe nge-heterocyclic compounds intermediates ivuliwe. ukwanda eminyakeni yamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl uchungechunge lwamakhompiyutha, lezi zinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamadayi, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa zokwenziwa kuzoba kubanzi futhi kubanzi.

Okwesibili, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwabaphakathi
Isithombe

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zizocutshungulwa zibe udayi (umbala) imboni intermediates kukhona evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanje.

(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitrate
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungisa ama-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela kokuhlanganisa)
(6) ukusabela kwe-alkali fusion esikhundleni seqembu le-sulfonic acid ku-hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) ukujiya kanye nokusabela kwe-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) ukusabela kokushintshana kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl nama-amino
(12) i-hydroxyl noma i-amino hydrocarbonation reaction

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sendandatho enamakha eyinhloko yama-intermediates amakhemikhali amahle, okuphakathi kungahlukaniswa ngesistimu ye-aliphatic, uhlelo lwe-benzene, uhlelo lwe-naphthalene, uhlelo lwe-anthraquinone, uhlelo lwe-heterocyclic kanye nesistimu yendandatho ewugqinsi. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza i-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, isistimu ye-heterocyclic, njengokudaya, i-pigment intermediates izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400, ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokudaya, zokuthuthukisa imboni ye-pigment.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-benzene ziyi.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, njll. N-methyl-m- toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, I-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4 -methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- kanye nama-para-esters, njll.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-naphthalene intermediates ziyi.

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- i-asidi, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R- i-acid, njll. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-anthraquinone intermediate yilezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, I-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-heterocyclic kanye nesistimu yendandatho ewugqinsi yilezi.

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, ! i-tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.