Izinto Eziphakathi: Izinto eziphakathi zokudaya (i-pigment) ziyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali amahle. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphakathi ezisekelayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-intermediate yaseShayina kokudaya nombala kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi zokudaya nombala kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu, futhi kube nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. Senze intuthuko ezindaweni eziningana, njengocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi samukele inqubo ehlanzekile yokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi zokudaya nombala.

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Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo

Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwezihlanganisi kuyintuthuko enezici eziningi, uhlobo oluthile lwezihlanganisi ezisetshenziswa kumadayi abizwa ngokuthi ama-dye intermediates, futhi asetshenziswa kuma-pesticides, emithi, njalonjalo. Okubizwa nangokuthi izibulala-zinambuzane, izihlanganisi zemithi. Kufanele kubhekwe njengegatsha lomkhakha wamakhemikhali omuhle kakhulu, akufanele kuhlukaniswe ngokuqinile zibe izihlanganisi zedayi, izihlanganisi zezinambuzane ...

Ucwaningo lwe-Fine chemical intermediates lubonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesilinganiso sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi ze-tonnage azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inqubo yokulungiselela ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ehilela ukusabela okuningi kweyunithi kanye nokuhlukaniswa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu le-"imfucuza emithathu" kudingeka iphathwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sihlanganyele ocwaningweni lwenqubo yomkhiqizo olandelanayo, inhlangano efanelekile ye-intermediates ukuze sithole ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwesilinganiso esihle.

Kusukela esimweni sangaphandle, ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi zivame ukugxiliswa kahle ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa okulandelanayo. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuya kweziyishumi nambili zezinto eziphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqizwa kulula ukukusebenzisa ngokuthuthukiswa okuphelele kanye nokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Sizothola umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Singabhekisela esimweni eJapane, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphakathi kwakusetshenziswa khona kakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1960. Kulungiswe futhi kwagxilwa izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.

Ngokuguqulwa kanye nentuthuko, imboni ye-dye ne-pigment intermediates yaseShayina isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, okungagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-dye ne-pigment yasekhaya, kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ye-intermediates esezingeni eliphezulu emazweni angaphandle.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ekwenzeni izinto ezisetshenziswayo zitholakala kakhulu emikhiqizweni yemboni yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye ne-coking, iningi lazo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-naphthalene, ne-naphthalene. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imibala ephilayo eyenziwe ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo iye yanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl series compounds, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-dyestuff. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuzosabalala kakhulu futhi kuvame kakhulu.

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Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame kakhulu okusetshenziselwa ama-intermediate

Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ukucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe yizinto eziphakathi embonini yokudaya (i-pigment) yilezi ezilandelayo.

(1) Ukusabela kwe-Sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitrification
(3) Ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela kokuhlangana)
(6) Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamaqembu e-sulfonic acid abe amaqembu e-hydroxyl ngokusabela kokuncibilika kwe-alkali
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acetylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) Ukusabela kokujiya kanye ne-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi ama-amino)
(11) Ukusabela okushintshashintshayo kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl nama-amino
(12) I-Hydroxylation yamaqembu e-hydroxyl noma ama-amino

Ngokwesakhiwo sendandatho enuka kamnandi yezingxenye ezincane zamakhemikhali, zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic kanye ne-dense. Uhlelo lwendandatho. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 ze-benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokudaya kanye nombala, ezingahlangabezana nezidingo zezidingo zokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokudaya kanye nombala.

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Izinhlobo ezinkulu zesistimu ye-benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, i-o-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrophenol, i-N,N-dimethylaniline, i-p-amino Anisole, i-p-nitroaniline, i-o-toluidine, i-2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, i-N-ethylaniline, i-m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, i-o-, i-p-phenylenediamine, i-3,3-dichlorobenzidine, i-benzidine, i-anisylamine, i-p-amine i-Benzenesulfonic acid, i-o-anisole, i-p-aminoanisole, i-DSD acid, i-p-aminophenetole, i-CTL acid, i-o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, i-acetoacetylacetamide i-Methoxyaniline, i-hydroquinone, i-resorcinol, i-N-methyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ... I-N, i-N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, i-N, i-N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, i-N, i-N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, i-N, i-N-diethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-toluidine i-Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, i-p-, i-ethoxyaniline, i-2 4-dimethylaniline, i-4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, I-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline ... I-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-para ester, njll.

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Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-naphthalene intermediates

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-thujaplic acid, i-6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. I-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-gamma-acid, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid njalo njalo. I-anthraquinone intermediates ifaka: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, i-1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njll. I-Anthraquinone, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, i-1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.

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Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-heterocyclic kanye ne-dense-cyclic

I-Cyanuric chloride, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-aminobenzothiazole I-Aminothiazole, i-dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.