Abaphakathi: Ukudaya (pigment) okuphakathi kuyigatsha elibaluleke kakhulu lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabaphakathi abasekelayo. Ukukhiqizwa kweShayina kweziphakathi zokudaya kanye ne-pigment kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kusukela ngo-1950s. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukukhiqizwa kwe-intermediate yedayi kanye ne-pigment kuye kwaba nolaka kakhulu, futhi kube nokusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. Senze impumelelo ezindaweni ezimbalwa, njengocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinhlobo ezindala nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi samukele inqubo ehlanzekile yokukhiqiza udayi kanye ne-pigment intermediates. .

1
Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwama-intermediate

Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kweziphakathi kuwukuthuthuka okunezici eziningi, uhlobo oluthile lwezithako ezisetshenziswa odayi okuthiwa ama-dye intermediates, futhi ezisetshenziswa ezibulala-zinambuzane, emithini yemithi, njalonjalo. Futhi ebizwa ngokuthi i-pesticide, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Akufanele kubhekwe njengegatsha lemboni yamakhemikhali emihle iyonke, akufanele ihlukaniswe ngokuqinile ibe ngabaphakathi kukadayi, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane. , izibulali zinambuzane, izibulala zinambuzane, izibulala zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane Abaphakathi, abaphakathi kwemithi, okuzonciphisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwabanye abaphakathi futhi kuthinte ukukhula kwabo.

Ucwaningo lwamakhemikhali aphakathi nendawo lubonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesikali sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningi zamathani azinkulu kakhulu, kepha inqubo yokulungiselela ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ehlanganisa ukusabela nokuhlukaniswa kwamayunithi amaningi, ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu "Imfucuza emithathu" idinga ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sihlanganyele ocwaningweni lwenqubo yomkhiqizo we-serial, inhlangano enengqondo yabaphakathi ukuze sithole ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwesikali.

Kusukela esimweni sangaphandle, ucwaningo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwabaphakathi kuvame ukugxila ngokufanele ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuya kweziyishumi nambili zabaphakathi, ucwaningo olunjalo nokukhiqiza kulula ukukusebenzisa ngokuthuthukiswa okuphelele nokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Sizothola umphumela ophindwe kabili ngesigamu somzamo. Singabhekisela esimweni sase-Japan, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwama-intermediate kwakuvame ukuhlukaniswa kakhulu, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ilungisiwe futhi yagxiliswa izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.

Ngoguquko nentuthuko, udayi waseShayina kanye ne-pigment intermediates imboni isifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lemishini, elingakwazi kuphela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni kadayi wasekhaya kanye ne-pigment, kodwa futhi lihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ye-intermediates. amazwe angaphandle.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezidingekayo ekuhlanganiseni okuphakathi zitholakala ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-petroleum kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali e-coking, iningi layo okuyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-naphthalene, ne-naphthalene. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-organic pigments elungiselelwe kusuka ku-heterocyclic intermediates iye yanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl series compounds, lezi zinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kodayi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa zokwenziwa kuzokwanda futhi kuvame.

2
Okuvame kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusetshenziselwa abaphakathi

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvame kakhulu okusetshenziselwa ukucubungula izinto ezingavuthiwe zibe iziphakathi embonini yokudaya (pigment) imi kanje.

(1) Ukusabela kwe-sulfone
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitrification
(3) Ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungisa ama-amino
(5) Ukusabela kwe-Diazotization (ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokusabela okuhlangene)
(6) Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamaqembu e-sulfonic acid kumaqembu e-hydroxyl ngokusabela kwe-alkali-melting
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acetylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) Ukusabela kwe-Condensation kanye ne-carbonation
(10) Ukusabela kwe-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) Ukusabela okuguquguqukayo kwe-hydroxyl namaqembu e-amino
(12) I-Hydroxylation ye-hydroxyl noma amaqembu e-amino

Ngokwesakhiwo sendandatho esinephunga elimnandi samakhemikhali aphakathi nendawo, angahlukaniswa abe yi-aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic and dense. Isistimu yokukhala. Izwe lethu lingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 ze-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic nezinye izinsimbi zokudaya ne-pigment, ezingahlangabezana ngokuyisisekelo nezidingo zezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudaya kanye ne-pigment.

3
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zesistimu ye-benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- i-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, njll.

4
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. I-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-gamma-acid, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid nokunye. I-anthraquinone emaphakathi ihlanganisa: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, i-1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njll. I-anthraquinone, 1 ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njll.

5
Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-heterocyclic kanye ne-dense-cyclic

I-Cyanuric chloride, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-aminobenzothiazole i-Aminothiazole, i-dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-ethyl3-hydropyrido -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! i-tetracarboxylic anhydride, njll.