Amadayi asebenzayo anokuncibilika okuhle kakhulu emanzini. Amadayi asebenzayo ancike kakhulu eqenjini le-sulfonic acid eliku-molecule yedayi ukuze ancibilike emanzini. Kumadayi asebenzayo e-meso-temperature aqukethe amaqembu e-vinylsulfone, ngaphezu kweqembu le-sulfonic acid, i-β -Ethylsulfonyl sulfate nayo iyiqembu elihle kakhulu lokuncibilika.

Esixazululweni samanzi, ama-ion e-sodium eqenjini le-sulfonic acid kanye neqembu le--ethylsulfone sulfate abhekana nokusabela komswakama ukuze enze udayi wakhe i-anion bese encibilika emanzini. Ukudaya udayi osabelayo kuncike ku-anion yodayi okufanele idaywe ku-fiber.

Ukuncibilika kwamadayi asebenzayo kungaphezu kuka-100 g/L, iningi lamadayi linokuncibilika okungu-200-400 g/L, kanti amanye amadayi angafinyelela ngisho naku-450 g/L. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi senqubo yokudaya, ukuncibilika kwedayi kuzoncipha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene (noma ngisho nokungancibiliki ngokuphelele). Lapho ukuncibilika kwedayi kuncipha, ingxenye yedayi izoshintsha kusuka ku-anion eyodwa yamahhala ibe yizinhlayiya, ngenxa yokuxoshwa okukhulu kweshaja phakathi kwezinhlayiya. Ukuncipha, izinhlayiya nezinhlayiya zizodonselana ukuze zikhiqize ukuhlangana. Lolu hlobo lokuhlangana kuqala luqoqa izinhlayiya zedayi zibe yizinhlayiya, bese luphenduka lube yizinhlayiya, bese ekugcineni luphenduka lube yizinhlayiya. Nakuba ama-floc ewuhlobo lokuhlangana okuxekethile, ngenxa yongqimba lwawo oluphindwe kabili lukagesi oluzungezile olwakhiwe ngamashaji amahle nangalungile ngokuvamile kunzima ukubola ngamandla okusika lapho utshwala bedayi bujikeleza, futhi ama-floc kulula ukuwafaka endwangu, okuholela ekudayisweni noma ekudayisweni komhlaba.

Uma idayi isinokuhlanganiswa okunjalo, ukushesha kombala kuzoncipha kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzobangela amazinga ahlukene amabala, amabala, kanye namabala. Kwamanye amadayi, ukugoqeka kuzosheshisa ukuhlangana ngaphansi kwamandla okusika esisombululo sedayi, okubangela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nosawoti. Uma sekuvele usawoti, umbala odaywe uzoba lula kakhulu, noma ungadaywe, noma ngabe udaywe, uzoba amabala namabala amakhulu ombala.

Izimbangela zokuhlanganiswa kodayi

Isizathu esiyinhloko yi-electrolyte. Enqubweni yokudaya, i-electrolyte eyinhloko yi-dye accelerant (usawoti we-sodium nosawoti). I-dye accelerant iqukethe ama-sodium ion, kanti okulingana nama-sodium ion ku-molecule yedayi kuphansi kakhulu kune-dye accelerant. Inani elilinganayo lama-sodium ion, ukuhlushwa okuvamile kwe-dye accelerant enqubweni yokudaya evamile ngeke kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuncibilikeni kwedayi ebhavini ledayi.

Kodwa-ke, uma inani le-accelerant yedayi likhula, ukugcwala kwama-ion e-sodium esixazululweni kuyanda ngokufanele. Ama-ion e-sodium eqile azovimbela i-ionization yama-ion e-sodium eqenjini elincibilikayo le-molecule yedayi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukuncibilika kwedayi. Ngemva kwama-200 g/L angaphezu kuka-200 g/L, iningi lamadayi lizoba namazinga ahlukene okuhlanganiswa. Lapho ukugcwala kwe-accelerator yedayi kudlula ama-250 g/L, izinga lokuhlanganiswa lizoqiniswa, kuqala kwakhiwe ama-agglomerate, bese kuba sesisombululo sedayi. Ama-agglomerate nama-floccules akhiwa ngokushesha, kanti amanye amadayi anokuncibilika okuphansi akhishwa usawoti kancane noma ancishiswe ngisho namanzi. Amadayi anezakhiwo ezahlukene zama-molecule anezakhiwo ezahlukene zokulwa nokuhlangana kanye nokumelana nosawoti. Uma ukuncibilika kuphansi, izakhiwo zokulwa nokuhlangana kanye nokubekezelela usawoti. Okubi kakhulu ukusebenza kokuhlaziya.

Ukuncibilika kwedayi kunqunywa kakhulu yinani lamaqembu e-sulfonic acid ku-molecule yedayi kanye nenani lama-β-ethylsulfone sulfates. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho i-hydrophilicity ye-molecule yedayi inkulu, kulapho ukuncibilika kwayo kukhuphuka khona futhi i-hydrophilicity iphansi khona. Ukuncibilika kwayo kuphansi. (Isibonelo, amadayi esakhiwo se-azo ancibilika kakhulu kunedayi yesakhiwo se-heterocyclic.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho isakhiwo sama-molecule sedayi sikhulu, ukuncibilika kwayo kuphansi, futhi isakhiwo sama-molecule sincane, kulapho ukuncibilika kwayo kuphakeme khona.

Ukuncibilika kwamadayi asabelayo
Kungahlukaniswa cishe ngezigaba ezine:

I-Class A, amadayi aqukethe i-diethylsulfone sulfate (okungukuthi i-vinyl sulfone) kanye namaqembu amathathu asebenzayo (i-monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) anokuncibilika okuphezulu kakhulu, njenge-Yuan Qing B, i-Navy GG, i-Navy RGB, i-Golden: RNL Futhi wonke amadayi asebenzayo enziwe ngokuxuba i-Yuanqing B, amadayi amaqembu amathathu asebenzayo njengohlobo lwe-ED, uhlobo lwe-Ciba, njll. Ukuncibilika kwalawa madayi cishe kungama-400 g/L.

I-Class B, amadayi aqukethe amaqembu e-heterobireactive (i-monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), njenge-yellow 3RS, i-red 3BS, i-red 6B, i-red GWF, i-RR imibala emithathu eyinhloko, i-RGB imibala emithathu eyinhloko, njll. Ukuncibilika kwawo kusekelwe kumagremu angu-200 ~ 300 Ukuncibilika kwe-meta-ester kuphakeme kunokwe-para-ester.

Uhlobo C: Oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluyi-Navy oluyiqembu elisebenza nge-heterobireactive: BF, Navy blue 3GF, dark blue 2GFN, red RBN, red F2B, njll., ngenxa yamaqembu ambalwa e-sulfonic acid noma isisindo esikhulu sama-molecule, ukuncibilika kwayo nakho kuphansi, kuphela i-100-200 g/ Rise. Isigaba D: Amadayi aneqembu le-monovinylsulfone kanye nesakhiwo se-heterocyclic, kanye nokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu, njenge-Brilliant Blue KN-R, i-Turquoise Blue G, i-Bright Yellow 4GL, i-Violet 5R, i-Blue BRF, i-Brilliant Orange F2R, i-Brilliant Red F2G, njll. Ukuncibilika kwalolu hlobo lwedayi kungama-100 g/L kuphela. Lolu hlobo lwedayi luzwela kakhulu kuma-electrolyte. Uma lolu hlobo lwedayi seluhlanganisiwe, aludingi ngisho nokudlula enkambisweni ye-flocculation, lufakwe usawoti ngqo.

Enkambisweni evamile yokudaya, inani eliphezulu le-accelerator yedayi lingu-80 g/L. Imibala emnyama kuphela edinga ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-accelerator yedayi. Uma ukugcwala kwedayi ebhavini lokudaya kungaphansi kuka-10 g/L, amadayi amaningi asabelayo asenokuncibilika okuhle kulokhu kugcwala futhi ngeke ahlangane. Kodwa inkinga isebhodweni. Ngokwenqubo evamile yokudaya, idayi iyanezelwa kuqala, futhi ngemva kokuba idayi ixutshwe ngokuphelele ebhavini lokudaya ukuze ifane, i-accelerant yedayi iyanezelwa. I-accelerant yedayi ngokuyisisekelo iqedela inqubo yokuncibilika ebhodweni.

Sebenza ngokwenqubo elandelayo

Ukuqagela: ukuhlushwa kokudaya kungu-5%, isilinganiso sotshwala singu-1:10, isisindo sendwangu singu-350Kg (ukugeleza koketshezi oluphindwe kabili), izinga lamanzi lingu-3.5T, i-sodium sulfate ingu-60 g/ilitha, inani eliphelele le-sodium sulfate lingu-200Kg (50Kg/iphakethe lilonke amaphakheji angu-4)) (Umthamo wethangi lezinto ngokuvamile ungamalitha angu-450). Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa i-sodium sulfate, uketshezi lwe-reflux lwe-dye vat luvame ukusetshenziswa. Uketshezi lwe-reflux luqukethe udayi owengezwe ngaphambilini. Ngokuvamile, uketshezi lwe-reflux lwama-300L lufakwa kuqala ku-material vat, bese kuthi kuthelwe amaphakethe amabili e-sodium sulfate (100 kg).

Inkinga ilapha, iningi lamadayi lizohlangana ngamazinga ahlukahlukene kulokhu kugcwala kwe-sodium sulfate. Phakathi kwabo, uhlobo lwe-C luzoba nokuhlangana okukhulu, kanti idayi ye-D ngeke nje ihlanganiswe, kodwa izokhipha nosawoti. Nakuba umqhubi ojwayelekile ezolandela inqubo yokugcwalisa kancane kancane isixazululo se-sodium sulfate ku-vat yezinto ezibonakalayo ku-vat yedayi ngephampu yokujikeleza kwegazi eyinhloko. Kodwa idayi esisombululo se-sodium sulfate esingamalitha angu-300 yakhe ama-floc futhi yaze yakhishwa nosawoti.

Uma yonke isixazululo esisesitsheni sezinto ezibonakalayo sigcwaliswe esitsheni sokudaya, kubonakala kakhulu ukuthi kukhona ungqimba lwezinhlayiya zedayi ezinamafutha odongeni lwesitsheni kanye naphansi kwesitsha. Uma lezi zinhlayiya zedayi zikhuhlwa bese zifakwa emanzini ahlanzekile, ngokuvamile kuba nzima. Zincibilike futhi. Eqinisweni, amalitha angu-300 esisombululo angena esitsheni sokudaya anje.

Khumbula ukuthi kukhona namaphakethe amabili e-Yuanming Powder azophinde ancibilikiswe futhi agcwaliswe kabusha ebhodweni lodayi ngale ndlela. Ngemva kwalokhu, kuzokwenzeka amabala, amabala, kanye namabala, futhi ukushesha kombala kuncishiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokudaya okungaphezulu, noma ngabe akukho ukugoba okusobala noma ukuncibilika kukasawoti. Ku-Class A kanye ne-Class B okuncibilika okuphezulu, kuzokwenzeka nokuhlanganiswa kwedayi. Nakuba lawa madayi engakakhi ukugoba, okungenani ingxenye yamadayi isivele yakhe ama-agglomerate.

Lezi zinhlanganisela kunzima ukuzingena ku-fiber. Ngoba indawo engenasimo se-fiber kakotini ivumela kuphela ukungena nokusabalala kwamadayi e-mono-ion. Awekho ama-aggregate angangena endaweni engenasimo se-fiber. Ingafakwa kuphela ebusweni be-fiber. Ukushesha kombala nakho kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, futhi amabala ombala namabala kuzokwenzeka nasezimweni ezibucayi.

Izinga lesisombululo samadayi asabelayo lihlobene nama-alkaline agents

Uma i-alkali agent ingezwa, i-β-ethylsulfone sulfate yedayi ephendulayo izobhekana nokusabela kokukhipha ukuze yakhe i-vinyl sulfone yayo yangempela, encibilika kakhulu kuma-gene. Njengoba ukusabela kokukhipha kudinga ama-alkali agent ambalwa kakhulu, (ngokuvamile angaphansi kwe-1/10 yesilinganiso senqubo), lapho kufakwa umthamo we-alkali omningi, kulapho kufakwa khona amadayi amaningi aqeda ukusabela. Uma kwenzeka ukusabela kokukhipha, ukuncibilika kwedayi nakho kuzoncipha.

I-alkali agent efanayo nayo iyi-electrolyte enamandla futhi iqukethe ama-ion e-sodium. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala ngokweqile kwe-alkali agent kuzobangela ukuthi idayi eyenze i-vinyl sulfone ihlangane noma iphume nosawoti. Inkinga efanayo iyenzeka ethangini lezinto ezibonakalayo. Lapho i-alkali agent incibilika (thatha umlotha we-soda njengesibonelo), uma kusetshenziswa isisombululo se-reflux. Ngalesi sikhathi, uketshezi lwe-reflux seluvele luqukethe i-dye acceleration agent kanye nedayi ekugcwaleni okujwayelekile kwenqubo. Nakuba ingxenye yedayi ingase iphelelwe yi-fiber, okungenani u-40% wedayi esele usetshwaleni ledayi. Ake sithi iphakethe le-soda ash lithululwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi ukugcwala kwe-soda ash ethangini kudlula u-80 g/L. Ngisho noma i-dye accelerator kuketshezi lwe-reflux ingu-80 g/L ngalesi sikhathi, idayi ethangini nayo izogcwala. Amadayi e-C kanye ne-D angase aphume nosawoti, ikakhulukazi kumadayi e-D, noma ngabe ukugcwala kwe-soda ash kwehle kufike ku-20 g/l, kuzokwenzeka usawoti wendawo. Phakathi kwazo, i-Brilliant Blue KN.R, i-Turquoise Blue G, kanye ne-Supervisor BRF yizona ezizwela kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwedayi noma ngisho nokukhishwa kukasawoti akusho ukuthi idayi isifakwe ngokuphelele emanzini. Uma kuyi-agglomeration noma ukukhishwa kukasawoti okubangelwa yi-accelerator yedayi, isengafakwa umbala inqobo nje uma ingaphinde incibilike. Kodwa ukuze iphinde incibilike, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elanele lomsizi wedayi (njenge-urea 20 g/l noma ngaphezulu), futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele liphakanyiswe liye ku-90°C noma ngaphezulu ngokuxubha okwanele. Kusobala ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwangempela kwenqubo.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi amadayi angahlangani noma angagcwali usawoti ebhodweni, inqubo yokudaya yokudlulisa kumele isetshenziswe lapho kwenziwa imibala ejulile negxilile yamadayi e-C ne-D anokuncibilika okuncane, kanye namadayi e-A ne-B.

Ukusebenza kwenqubo nokuhlaziywa

1. Sebenzisa i-dye vat ukuze ubuyisele i-dye accelerant bese uyifudumeza ku-vet ukuze uyincibilikise (60 ~ 80℃). Njengoba kungekho dayi emanzini ahlanzekile, i-dye accelerator ayinawo amandla endwangu. I-dye accelerant encibilikisiwe ingagcwaliswa ku-dyeing vat ngokushesha okukhulu.

2. Ngemva kokuba isixazululo se-brine sijikelezwe imizuzu emi-5, i-dye accelerant ifana ngokuphelele, bese kufakwa isixazululo sedayi esincibilikisiwe kusengaphambili. Isixazululo sedayi sidinga ukuncibilikiswa ngesisombululo se-reflux, ngoba ukuhlushwa kwe-dye accelerant esixazululweni se-reflux kungamagremu angu-80 / L kuphela, idayi ngeke ihlangane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngoba idayi ngeke ithintwe yi-dye accelerant (ephansi kakhulu), inkinga yokudaya izokwenzeka. Ngalesi sikhathi, isixazululo sedayi akudingeki silawulwe yisikhathi sokugcwalisa i-dyeing vat, futhi ngokuvamile siqedwa ngemizuzu eyi-10-15.

3. Ama-alkali agents kufanele afakwe amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi kumadayi e-C kanye ne-D. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwedayi luzwela kakhulu kuma-alkaline agents uma kukhona ama-dye-promoting agents, ukuncibilika kwama-alkaline agents kuphezulu kakhulu (ukuncibilika kwe-soda ash ku-60°C kungu-450 g/L). Amanzi ahlanzekile adingekayo ukuncibilikisa i-alkaline agent akudingeki abe maningi kakhulu, kodwa ijubane lokufaka isixazululo se-alkaline kudingeka lihambisane nezidingo zenqubo, futhi ngokuvamile kungcono ukulifaka ngendlela eqhubekayo.

4. Kumadayi e-divinyl sulfone esigabeni A, izinga lokusabela liphezulu kakhulu ngoba azwela kakhulu kuma-alkaline agents ku-60°C. Ukuze uvimbele ukuqina kombala okusheshayo nombala ongalingani, ungangeza kusengaphambili i-1/4 ye-alkaline agent ekushiseni okuphansi.

Enqubweni yokudaya yokudlulisa, yi-alkali agent kuphela edinga ukulawula izinga lokuphakelwa. Inqubo yokudaya yokudlulisa ayisebenzi nje kuphela endleleni yokushisa, kodwa futhi isebenza endleleni yokushisa engaguquki. Indlela yokushisa engaguquki ingandisa ukuncibilika kwedayi futhi isheshise ukusabalala nokungena kwedayi. Izinga lokuvuvukala kwendawo engaguquki yefayibha ku-60°C cishe liphakeme kabili kunelo ku-30°C. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokushisa engaguquki ifaneleka kakhulu ushizi, i-hank. Imishayo ye-Warp ifaka izindlela zokudaya ezinezilinganiso eziphansi zotshwala, njengokudaya i-jig, okudinga ukungena okuphezulu nokusabalalisa noma ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwedayi.

Qaphela ukuthi i-sodium sulfate etholakala emakethe okwamanje ngezinye izikhathi i-alkaline kakhulu, futhi inani layo le-PH lingafinyelela ku-9-10. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu. Uma uqhathanisa i-sodium sulfate emsulwa nosawoti omsulwa, usawoti unomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanganisweni kodayi kune-sodium sulfate. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okulingana nama-ion e-sodium kusawoti wetafula kuphakeme kunalokho okuku-sodium sulfate ngesisindo esifanayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamadayi kuhlobene kakhulu nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokuvamile, ama-ion e-calcium ne-magnesium angaphansi kuka-150ppm ngeke abe nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwamadayi. Kodwa-ke, ama-ion ensimbi esindayo emanzini, njenge-ferric ions nama-ion e-aluminium, kufaka phakathi amanye ama-microorganisms e-algae, azosheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamadayi. Isibonelo, uma ukugcwala kwama-ion e-ferric emanzini kudlula u-20 ppm, ikhono lokumelana nokuhlangana kwedayi lingancishiswa kakhulu, futhi ithonya le-algae libi kakhulu.

Kunamathiselwe ngokuhlolwa kokumelana nodayi kanye nokumelana nosawoti:

Isinqumo 1: Kala u-0.5 g wedayi, u-25 g we-sodium sulfate noma usawoti, bese uwuncibilikisa ku-100 ml wamanzi ahlanzekile ku-25°C cishe imizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa ipayipi lokuconsa ukuze umunce ikhambi bese uphonsa amaconsi amabili ngokuqhubekayo endaweni efanayo ephepheni lokuhlunga.

Isinqumo 2: Kala u-0.5 g wedayi, u-8 g we-sodium sulfate noma usawoti kanye no-8 g we-soda ash, bese uyincibilikisa ku-100 ml wamanzi ahlanzekile cishe ku-25°C cishe imizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa i-dropper ukuze umunce ikhambi ephepheni lokuhlunga njalo. Amaconsi ama-2.

Indlela engenhla ingasetshenziswa ukwahlulela nje ikhono lokulwa nokuhlangana kanye nokukhipha usawoti wedayi, futhi ngokuyisisekelo inganquma ukuthi iyiphi inqubo yokudaya okufanele isetshenziswe.