Odayi abasebenzayo banokuncibilika okuhle kakhulu emanzini. Odayi abasebenzayo ikakhulukazi bathembele eqenjini le-sulfonic acid ku-molecule kadayi ukuze bancibilike emanzini. Odayi abasebenzayo be-meso-temperature abaqukethe amaqembu e-vinylsulfone, ngaphezu kweqembu le-sulfonic acid, i-β -Ethylsulfonyl sulfate nayo iyiqembu elihle kakhulu lokuncibilika.

Esixazululweni esinamanzi, ama-ion e-sodium eqenjini le-sulfonic acid kanye neqembu -ethylsulfone sulfate abhekana ne-hydration reaction ukuze enze idayi yakhe i-anion futhi incibilike emanzini. Ukudaywa kodayi osebenzayo kuncike ku-anion kadayi ozodaywa ngefiber.

Ukuncibilika kodayi abasebenzayo kungaphezu kuka-100 g/L, odayi abaningi banokuncibilika okungu-200-400 g/L, kanti abanye odayi bangafinyelela ku-450 g/L. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nenqubo yokudaya, ukuncibilika kwedayi kuzokwehla ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene (noma ngisho nokungancibiliki ngokuphelele). Lapho i-solubility yedayi iyancipha, ingxenye yedayi izoshintsha isuka ku-anion eyodwa yamahhala ibe yizinhlayiya, ngenxa yokwehliswa okukhulu kwenkokhelo phakathi kwezinhlayiya. Ukuncipha, izinhlayiya kanye izinhlayiya ngeke ukuheha nomunye ukukhiqiza agglomeration. Lolu hlobo lwe-agglomeration luqala ngokuqoqa izinhlayiya zikadayi zibe ama-agglomerates, bese liphenduka ama-agglomerates, bese liphenduka libe ama-flocs. Nakuba i-flocs iwuhlobo lokuhlangana okuxekethile, ngenxa yabo Ingqimba ephindwe kabili kagesi ezungezile eyakhiwe ngamashaji alungile futhi angalungile ngokuvamile kunzima ukubola ngamandla okugunda lapho utshwala obudayi buzungeza, futhi ama-flocs alula ukuwashisa ngendwangu, okuholela ekudayini noma ekungcoleni.

Uma udayi usunenhlanganisela enjalo, ukushesha kombala kuzoncipha kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzobangela amazinga ahlukene amabala, amabala, namabala. Kwamanye amadayi, i-flocculation izoqhubekisela phambili ukusheshisa umhlangano ngaphansi kwamandla we-shear wesisombululo sedayi, okubangela ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kanye nosawoti ngaphandle. Uma usawoti usuphumile, umbala odayiwe uzokhanya ngokwedlulele, noma ungadayiwe, noma ngabe udayiwe, kuzoba amabala amnyama namabala.

Izimbangela zokuhlanganisa udayi

Isizathu esiyinhloko yi-electrolyte. Enqubweni yokudaya, i-electrolyte eyinhloko yi-accelerant yedayi (usawoti we-sodium nosawoti). I-accelerant yodayi iqukethe ama-ion e-sodium, futhi okulingana ne-sodium ion ku-molecule kadayi iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-accelerant yedayi. Inombolo elinganayo ye-sodium ion, ukuhlushwa okujwayelekile kwe-accelerator yedayi enkambweni evamile yokudaya ngeke kube nethonya elikhulu ekuncibilikeni kodayi okugeza okudayi.

Kodwa-ke, lapho inani le-accelerant likadayi likhuphuka, ukugcwala kwe-sodium ions esixazululweni kukhula ngokufanele. Ama-ion e-sodium engeziwe azovimbela i-ionization ye-sodium ion eqenjini elincibilikayo le-molecule kadayi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuncibilika kwedayi. Ngemva kokungaphezu kuka-200 g/L, odayi abaningi bazoba namazinga ahlukene okuhlanganisa. Lapho ukugxila kwe-accelerator kadayi kudlula i-250 g/L, izinga lokuhlanganisa lizoqiniswa, kuqala kwakheke ama-agglomerates, bese kuba kwisixazululo sikadayi. Ama-agglomerate kanye nama-floccules akhiwa ngokushesha, futhi abanye odayi abanokuncibilika okuncane bakhishwa usawoti ngokwengxenye noma baphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni. Odayi abanezinhlaka ezihlukene zamangqamuzana banezindawo ezihlukene zokulwa ne-agglomeration kanye nokuphuma kosawoti. I-solubility ephansi, i-anti-agglomeration kanye nezakhiwo ezibekezelela usawoti. Okubi kakhulu ukusebenza kokuhlaziya.

Ukuncibilika kwedayi ikakhulukazi kunqunywa inani lamaqembu e-sulfonic acid ku-molecule kadayi kanye nenani lama-β-ethylsulfone sulfate. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-hydrophilicity enkulu ye-molecule kadayi, iyanda ukuncibilika futhi iyancipha i-hydrophilicity. I-solubility ephansi. (Isibonelo, odayi besakhiwo se-azo banama-hydrophilic kakhulu kunamadayi wesakhiwo se-heterocyclic.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana odayi sikhulu, ukuncibilika okuphansi, kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana, kukhuphuka ukuncibilika.

Ukuncibilika kodayi abasebenzayo
Ingase ihlukaniswe izigaba ezine:

I-Class A, odayi abaqukethe i-diethylsulfone sulfate (okungukuthi i-vinyl sulfone) kanye namaqembu amathathu asebenzayo (i-monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) banokuncibilika okuphezulu kakhulu, njenge-Yuan Qing B, i-Navy GG, i-Navy RGB, i-Golden: i-RNL Futhi bonke abamnyama abasebenzayo abenziwe ukuxuba i-Yuanqing B, odayi beqembu abasebenza kathathu njengohlobo lwe-ED, uhlobo lwe-Ciba, njll. Ukunyibilika kwalaba bodayi ngokuvamile kucishe kube ngu-400 g/L.

Isigaba B, odayi abaqukethe amaqembu e-heterobireactive (monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), njenge-3RS ephuzi, i-3BS ebomvu, i-6B ebomvu, i-GWF ebomvu, i-RR imibala emithathu eyinhloko, i-RGB imibala emithathu eyinhloko, njll. Ukunyibilika kwabo kusekelwe kumagremu angu-200～300 I-solubility ye-meta-ester iphakeme kunaleyo ye-para-ester.

Uhlobo C: I-Navy blue ephinde ibe yiqembu le-heterobireactive: i-BF, i-Navy blue 3GF, i-2GFN eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-RBN ebomvu, i-F2B ebomvu, njll., ngenxa yamaqembu ambalwa we-sulfonic acid noma isisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana, ukuncibilika kwayo nakho kuphansi, kuphela i-100 -200 g / ukuphakama. I-Class D: Odayi abaneqembu le-monovinylsulfone kanye nesakhiwo se-heterocyclic, esinokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu, njenge-Brilliant Blue KN-R, i-Turquoise Blue G, i-Bright Yellow 4GL, i-Violet 5R, i-Blue BRF, i-Brilliant Orange F2R, i-Brilliant Red F2G, njll. I-solubility yalolu hlobo lukadayi cishe i-100 g/L kuphela. Lolu hlobo lukadayi luzwela kakhulu kuma-electrolyte. Uma lolu hlobo lukadayi seluhlangene, aludingi ngisho nokuhamba ngenqubo ye-flocculation, i-salting out ngqo.

Enqubweni evamile yokudaya, inani eliphezulu le-accelerator likadayi lingama-80 g/L. Imibala emnyama kuphela edinga ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-accelerator kadayi. Uma ukugxila kukadayi kubhavu wokudaya kungaphansi kuka-10 g/L, odayi abaningi abasebenzayo basenokuncibilika okuhle kulokhu kugxila futhi ngeke bahlanganiswe. Kodwa inkinga ilele ku-vat. Ngokwenqubo evamile yokudaya, idayi yengezwe kuqala, futhi ngemva kokuba idayi ihlanjululwe ngokugcwele ebhodini lokudaya ukuze ifane, i-accelerant yedayi yengezwa. I-accelerant kadayi ngokuyisisekelo iqeda inqubo yokuchithwa ku-vat.

Sebenza ngokulandela inqubo elandelayo

Okucatshangwayo: ukugxila kokudaya kungu-5%, isilinganiso sotshwala ngu-1:10, isisindo sendwangu ngu-350Kg (ukugeleza koketshezi lwamapayipi amabili), izinga lamanzi ngu-3.5T, i-sodium sulfate ngu-60 g/litre, inani eliphelele le-sodium sulfate ngu-200Kg (50Kg /iphakheji isiyonke amaphakheji ama-4) ) (Umthamo wethangi lempahla ngokuvamile cishe amalitha angama-450). Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa i-sodium sulfate, uketshezi lwe-reflux lwe-vat kadayi luvame ukusetshenziswa. I-reflux liquid iqukethe udayi owengezwe ngaphambilini. Ngokuvamile, uketshezi lwe-reflux oluwu-300L lufakwa kuqala ku-vat yezinto ezibonakalayo, bese kuthelwa amaphakethe amabili e-sodium sulfate (100 kg).

Inkinga ilapha, odayi abaningi bazohlangana ngamazinga ahlukahlukene kulokhu kuhlangana kwe-sodium sulfate. Phakathi kwazo, uhlobo lwe-C luzoba ne-agglomeration engathí sina, futhi udayi we-D ngeke nje uhlanganiswe, kodwa ngisho nosawoti uphume. Nakuba u-opharetha jikelele ezolandela inqubo yokugcwalisa kancane kancane isisombululo se-sodium sulfate ku-vat yezinto ezibonakalayo ku-vat kadayi ngepompo eyinhloko yomjikelezo. Kodwa udayi osemalitha angu-300 esixazululo se-sodium sulfate uye wakha ama-flocs futhi wakhipha usawoti.

Lapho sonke isixazululo ku-vat yezinto ezibonakalayo sigcwaliswa ku-vat yokudaya, kubonakala kakhulu ukuthi kunongqimba lwezinhlayiya zikadayi onamafutha odongeni lwe-vat nangaphansi kwe-vat. Uma lezi zinhlayiya zikadayi zikhishwa bese zifakwa emanzini ahlanzekile, ngokuvamile kunzima. Chaza futhi. Eqinisweni, amalitha angu-300 ekhambi elingena ku-vat kadayi wonke anje.

Khumbula ukuthi kukhona namaphekhi amabili e-Yuanming Powder nawo azohlakazwa aphinde agcwaliswe ku-vat kadayi ngale ndlela. Ngemuva kwalokhu, amabala, amabala, namabala kuzovela, futhi ukushesha kombala kuncipha kakhulu ngenxa yokudaya kwendawo, ngisho noma kungekho ukugeleza okusobala noma usawoti. Ekilasini A kanye Nesigaba B esinokuncibilika okuphezulu, ukuhlanganisa udayi nakho kuzokwenzeka. Nakuba laba bodayi bengakawakhiqizi ama-flocculations, okungenani ingxenye yawodayi isivele yakha ama-agglomerate.

Lawa maqoqo kunzima ukungena ku-fiber. Ngoba indawo ye-amorphous ye-cotton fiber ivumela kuphela ukungena nokusabalalisa odayi be-mono-ion. Awekho ama-aggregates angangena endaweni ye-amorphous yefiber. Ingakhangiswa kuphela phezu kwefayibha. Ukushesha kombala nakho kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, futhi amabala ombala namabala kuzophinde kwenzeke ezimeni ezibucayi.

Izinga lesixazululo lodayi abasebenzayo lihlobene nama-alkaline agents

Uma i-alkali ejenti yengezwa, i-β-ethylsulfone sulfate yodayi osebenzayo izobhekana nokususa ukuze yakhe i-vinyl sulfone yayo yangempela, encibilika kakhulu kuzakhi zofuzo. Njengoba ukusabela kokuqeda kudinga ama-alkali ambalwa kakhulu, (ngokuvamile kubalwa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-1/10 yomthamo wenqubo), lapho kufakwa umthamo we-alkali owengeziwe, odayi abaningi abaqeda ukusabela. Uma ukusabela kokuqeda kwenzeka, ukuncibilika kwedayi nakho kuzokwehla.

I-alkali ejenti efanayo nayo iyi-electrolyte eqinile futhi iqukethe ama-ion e-sodium. Ngakho-ke, ukugxiliswa kwe-alkali eningi ngokweqile kuzobangela ukuthi udayi owakhe i-vinyl sulfone uhlanganise noma uphume usawoti. Inkinga efanayo iyenzeka ethangini lempahla. Uma i-alkali ejenti ichitheka (thatha i-soda ash njengesibonelo), uma isisombululo se-reflux sisetshenziswa. Ngalesi sikhathi, uketshezi lwe-reflux kakade luqukethe i-agent esheshisa udayi kanye nodayi ekugxilweni kwenqubo evamile. Nakuba ingxenye ethile kadayi ingase iphelelwe umcu, okungenani ngaphezu kuka-40% kadayi osele kusetshwaleni obudayi. Ake sithi iphakethe le-soda ash lithelwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi ukugcwala komlotha wesoda ethangini kudlula ama-80 g/L. Ngisho noma i-accelerator kadayi oketshezini lwe-reflux ingu-80 g/L ngalesi sikhathi, udayi osethangini nawo uzojiya. Odayi be-C no-D bangase baphume ngisho nosawoti, ikakhulukazi odayi be-D, ngisho noma ukugcwala komlotha wesoda kwehla ku-20 g/l, kuzophuma usawoti wendawo. Phakathi kwazo, iBrilliant Blue KN.R, Turquoise Blue G, neSupervisor BRF yizona ezizwela kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwedayi noma ngisho nokukhipha usawoti akusho ukuthi udayi usufakwe i-hydrolyzed ngokuphelele. Uma i-agglomeration noma i-salting out ebangelwa i-accelerator kadayi, isengadaywa inqobo nje uma ingaphinde incibilike. Kodwa ukuze ukwenze kuphinde kuchitheke, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elanele lomsizi wedayi (njenge-urea 20 g / l noma ngaphezulu), futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele liphakanyiswe ku-90 ° C noma ngaphezulu ngokugqugquzela okwanele. Ngokusobala kunzima kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwenqubo yangempela.
Ukuze uvimbele odayi ukuthi bangahlangani noma baphume usawoti ku-vat, inqubo yokudaya yokudlulisa kufanele isetshenziswe lapho kwenziwa imibala ejulile futhi egxilile yodayi u-C no-D onokuncibilika okuphansi, kanye nodayi ongu-A no-B.

Ukusebenza nokuhlaziya inqubo

1. Sebenzisa i-vat kadayi ukubuyisela isisheshisi sikadayi futhi usishise ku-vat ukuze uyincibilikise (60～80℃). Njengoba kungekho udayi emanzini ahlanzekile, i-accelerator yedayi ayinakho ukuhambisana nendwangu. I-accelerator kadayi encibilikisiwe ingagcwaliswa ku-vat yokudaya ngokushesha okukhulu.

2. Ngemuva kokuthi isisombululo se-brine sisakazwa imizuzu engu-5, i-accelerant yedayi ifana ngokuphelele, bese isixazululo sedayi esichithwe kusengaphambili siyengezwa. Isixazululo sedayi sidinga ukuhlanjululwa ngesisombululo se-reflux, ngoba ukugxila kwedayi esheshayo kusixazululo se-reflux kuphela amagremu angu-80 / L, udayi ngeke uhlanganise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuthi udayi ngeke uthinteke yi-accelerator (i-concentration ephansi kakhulu) yedayi, inkinga yokudaya izokwenzeka. Ngalesi sikhathi, isisombululo sedayi asidingi ukulawulwa isikhathi sokugcwalisa i-vat yokudaya, futhi ngokuvamile siqedwa ngemizuzu engu-10-15.

3. Ama-alkali agents kufanele afakwe amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi odayi u-C no-D. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lukadayi luzwela kakhulu kuma-alkaline ejenti lapho kukhona ama-ejenti akhuthaza udayi, ukuncibilika kwama-alkaline agents kuphakeme kakhulu (ukuncibilika komlotha wesoda ku-60 ° C kungu-450 g/L). Amanzi ahlanzekile adingekayo ukuze kuncibilikiswe i-alkali ejenti akudingeki abe maningi, kodwa isivinini sokwengeza isixazululo se-alkali sidinga ukuhambisana nezidingo zenqubo, futhi ngokuvamile kungcono ukuyengeza ngendlela yokwengeza.

4. Odayi be-divinyl sulfone abasesigabeni A, izinga lokusabela liphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ngoba bazwela kakhulu kuma-alkaline agents ku-60°C. Ukuze uvimbele ukulungiswa kombala okusheshayo kanye nombala ongalingani, ungakwazi ukwengeza u-1/4 we-agent ye-alkali ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi.

Enqubweni yokudaya yokudlulisa, yi-ejenti ye-alkali kuphela edinga ukulawula izinga lokudla. Inqubo yokudaya yokudlulisa ayisebenzi nje kuphela endleleni yokushisa, kodwa futhi iyasebenza endleleni yokushisa eqhubekayo. Indlela yokushisa engaguquki ingakhuphula ukuncibilika kwedayi futhi isheshise ukusakazeka nokungena kwedayi. Izinga lokuvuvukala kwendawo ye-amorphous ye-fiber ku-60 ° C cishe liphindwe kabili kunalelo ku-30 ​​° C. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokushisa eqhubekayo ifaneleka kakhulu ushizi, hank. Imishayo ye-warp ihlanganisa izindlela zokudaya ezinezilinganiso eziphansi zotshwala, njengokudaya kwejig, okudinga ukungena okuphezulu nokusabalaliswa noma ukugxiliswa kodayi okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.

Qaphela ukuthi i-sodium sulfate etholakalayo njengamanje emakethe ngezinye izikhathi ine-alkaline, futhi inani layo le-PH lingafinyelela ku-9-10. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu. Uma uqhathanisa i-sodium sulfate ehlanzekile nosawoti omsulwa, usawoti unomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanganisweni kodayi kune-sodium sulfate. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okulingana ne-sodium ion kusawoti wetafula kuphakeme kunaleyo ye-sodium sulfate ngesisindo esifanayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kodayi kuhlobene kakhulu nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokuvamile, i-calcium ne-magnesium ions engaphansi kuka-150ppm ngeke ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanganisweni kodayi. Kodwa-ke, ama-ion ensimbi esindayo emanzini, njengama-ion ferric nama-aluminium ion, okuhlanganisa nama-microorganisms e-algae, azosheshisa ukuhlanganisa udayi. Isibonelo, uma ukugxila kwama-ion ferric emanzini kudlula i-20 ppm, ikhono lokulwa nokuhlangana likadayi lingancishiswa kakhulu, futhi ithonya le-algae libi kakhulu.

Okunamathiselwe nodayi we-anti-agglomeration kanye nokuhlolwa kokumelana nokuphuma kukasawoti:

Ukuzimisela 1: Kala u-0.5 g wedayi, u-25 g we-sodium sulfate noma usawoti, bese uhlakaza ku-100 ml wamanzi ahlanzekile ku-25 ° C cishe imizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa ishubhu lokudonsa ukumunca ikhambi bese uwisa amathonsi ama-2 ngokuqhubekayo endaweni efanayo ephepheni lokuhlunga.

Isinqumo 2: Kala u-0.5 g kadayi, 8 g we-sodium sulfate noma usawoti kanye no-8 g wesoda ash, futhi uhlakaze ku-100 ml wamanzi ahlanzekile cishe ku-25 ° C cishe imizuzu emihlanu. Sebenzisa i-dropper ukumunca ikhambi ephepheni lokuhlunga ngokuqhubekayo. 2 amathonsi.

Indlela engenhla ingasetshenziswa ukumane wahlulele ikhono eliphikisana ne-agglomeration kanye ne-salting-out likadayi, futhi ngokuyisisekelo lingahlulela ukuthi iyiphi inqubo yokudaya okufanele isetshenziswe.