Isicelo

1. Isetshenziswa njenge-reagent yamakhemikhali kanye ne-organic synthesis dehydration kanye ne-ejenti yokuncipha

2. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni nasekuphehleni amanzi emzimbeni kwe-amikacin nama-amino acid. Iyisithako esihle sokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni esisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa

3. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni ama-amino acid ku-polypeptide yokwenziwa. Isibonelo, ku-FMOC - ukwakheka kwesigaba esiqinile, iqembu le-carboxyl le-amino acid lakha isibopho se-amide neqembu lama-amino lenye i-amino acid. Ukuze iqembu le-carboxyl libe sengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yi-nucleophile, i-athomu ye-oxygen eshajeke kabi kumele iqale isebenze yi-Chemicalbook ibe yiqembu elihamba kangcono. I-DCC idlala le ndima. I-athomu ye-oxygen yeqembu le-carboxyl ku-amino acid isebenza njenge-nucleophile ukuhlasela i-athomu ye-carbon phakathi kwe-molecule ye-DCC ukuze i-DCC neqembu le-carboxyl zihlangane zakhe isakhiwo se-ester, okwenza ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic kweqembu lama-amino kube lula ukwenziwa.

4. I-reagent yokuhlanganisa; I-reagent yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni; I-Transhydrogenase iguqula i-mitochondria yenhliziyo yenkomo; i-F1F0-adenosine triphosphate kanye nezinye izithiyo ze-hydrogen transposase