Amadayi ane-asidi, amadayi aqondile kanye namadayi aphendulayo konke kuyidayi encibilika emanzini. Umkhiqizo ngo-2001 wawungamathani angu-30,000, amathani angu-20,000 kanye namathani angu-45,000, ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, amabhizinisi edayi ezwe lami aye anaka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nocwaningo lwamadayi amasha esakhiwo, kuyilapho ucwaningo lokucubungula amadayi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwawo belubuthakathaka kakhulu. Ama-reagents ajwayelekile asetshenziswa kumadayi ancibilika emanzini afaka i-sodium sulfate (i-sodium sulfate), i-dextrin, ama-starch derivatives, i-sucrose, i-urea, i-naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, njll. Lawa ma-reagents aqiniswayo axutshwa nodayi wokuqala ngokulingana ukuze kutholakale amandla adingekayo. Izimpahla, kodwa azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinqubo ezahlukene zokuphrinta nokudaya embonini yokuphrinta nokudaya. Nakuba izinto zokuxuba udayi ezishiwo ngenhla zibiza kancane, azimanzi kakhulu futhi azincibiliki emanzini, okwenza kube nzima ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe futhi zingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuphela njengodayi bokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ekuthengisweni kodayi abancibilika emanzini, ukumanzi kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kodayi kuyizinkinga ezidinga ukuxazululwa ngokushesha, futhi izithasiselo ezifanele kumele zithenjwe.

Ukwelashwa kokumanziswa yidayi
Ngokubanzi, ukumanzisa kungukushintshwa koketshezi (kufanele kube yigesi) ebusweni ngolunye uketshezi. Ngokukhethekile, i-powder noma i-granular interface kufanele ibe yi-gas/solid interface, kanti inqubo yokumanzisa yilapho uketshezi (amanzi) luthatha indawo yegesi ebusweni bezinhlayiya. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukumanzisa kuyinqubo ebonakalayo phakathi kwezinto ebusweni. Ekusetshenzisweni kodayi ngemva kokwelashwa, ukumanzisa kuvame ukudlala indima ebalulekile. Ngokuvamile, udayi ucutshungulwa ube yisimo esiqinile, njenge-powder noma i-granule, okudingeka imanziswe ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, ukumanzisa kwedayi kuzothinta ngqo umphumela wokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa, udayi kunzima ukuwumanzisa futhi ukuntanta emanzini akufiseleki. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zekhwalithi yedayi namuhla, ukusebenza kokumanzisa kube ngenye yezinkomba zokulinganisa ikhwalithi yamadayi. Amandla angaphezulu amanzi angama-72.75mN/m ku-20℃, okwehla ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, kuyilapho amandla angaphezulu ezinto eziqinile engashintshi, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-100mN/m. Ngokuvamile izinsimbi kanye nama-oxide azo, usawoti ongaphili, njll. kulula ukumanzisa. Zimanzi, zibizwa ngokuthi amandla aphezulu obuso. Amandla obuso bezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-polymer ayafana nalawo oketshezi olujwayelekile, olubizwa ngokuthi amandla aphansi obuso, kodwa luyashintsha ngosayizi wezinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nezinga le-porosity. Uma usayizi wezinhlayiya uncane, izinga lokwakheka kwezinhlayiya liba likhulu, kanye nobuso. Amandla aphezulu, usayizi uncike ku-substrate. Ngakho-ke, usayizi wezinhlayiya zedayi kumele ube mncane. Ngemva kokuba udayi usucutshungulwe ngokucubungula okwenziwa ngokuhweba njengokukhipha usawoti nokugaya ngezindlela ezahlukene, usayizi wezinhlayiya zedayi uba mncane, i-crystallinity iyancishiswa, futhi isigaba sekristalu siyashintsha, okuthuthukisa amandla obuso bedayi futhi kube lula ukumanzisa.

Ukwelashwa kokuncibilika kwamadayi e-asidi
Ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudaya okuqhubekayo, izinga lokuzenzakalela ekunyatheliseni nasekudayeni liye lathuthukiswa njalo. Ukuvela kwama-filler nama-paste azenzakalelayo, kanye nokwethulwa kwamadayi aketshezi kudinga ukulungiswa kotshwala bedayi obuqinile kakhulu kanye nokuqina okuphezulu kanye nama-paste okunyathelisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuncibilika kwamadayi ane-acidic, asabelayo naqondile emikhiqizweni yedayi yasekhaya kungama-100g/L kuphela, ikakhulukazi kumadayi ane-acid. Ezinye izinhlobo zingama-20g/L kuphela. Ukuncibilika kwedayi kuhlobene nesakhiwo sama-molecule edayi. Lapho isisindo sama-molecule siphezulu kanye namaqembu ambalwa e-sulfonic acid, kulapho ukuncibilika kwehla khona; ngaphandle kwalokho, kulapho kuphezulu khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucutshungulwa kwamadayi okuhweba kubaluleke kakhulu, kufaka phakathi indlela yokwenza i-crystallization yedayi, izinga lokugaya, usayizi wezinhlayiya, ukungezwa kwezithasiselo, njll., okuzothinta ukuncibilika kwedayi. Uma idayi ilula ukuyi-ionisa, kulapho ukuncibilika kwayo emanzini kuphakeme khona. Kodwa-ke, ukuthengiswa kanye nokulinganiswa kwamadayi endabuko kusekelwe enanini elikhulu lama-electrolyte, njenge-sodium sulfate kanye nosawoti. Inani elikhulu le-Na+ emanzini linciphisa ukuncibilika kwedayi emanzini. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthuthukise ukuncibilika kwamadayi ancibilika emanzini, okokuqala ungafaki i-electrolyte kumadayi athengiswayo.

Izithasiselo kanye nokuncibilika
⑴ Inhlanganisela yotshwala kanye ne-urea cosolvent
Ngenxa yokuthi amadayi ancibilika emanzini aqukethe inani elithile lamaqembu e-sulfonic acid kanye namaqembu e-carboxylic acid, izinhlayiya zedayi zihlukaniswa kalula kwisisombululo samanzi futhi zithwala inani elithile leshaja elibi. Lapho kungezwa i-co-solvent equkethe iqembu elibumba isibopho se-hydrogen, kwakheka ungqimba oluvikelayo lwama-ion ancibilika emanzini ebusweni bama-ion edayi, okukhuthaza i-ionization kanye nokuncibilika kwama-molecule edayi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncibilika. Ama-polyol afana ne-diethylene glycol ether, i-thiodiethanol, i-polyethylene glycol, njll. avame ukusetshenziswa njengezixazululo ezisizayo zamadayi ancibilika emanzini. Ngenxa yokuthi angakha isibopho se-hydrogen nodayi, ubuso be-ion yodayi bakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwama-ion ancibilika emanzini, okuvimbela ukuhlangana kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule ama-molecule edayi, futhi okukhuthaza i-ionization kanye nokuhlukana kodayi.
⑵I-surfactant engeyona i-ionic
Ukwengeza i-surfactant ethile engeyona i-ionic kudayi kungenza buthaka amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-molecule edayi naphakathi kwama-molecule, kusheshiswe i-ionization, futhi kwenze ama-molecule edayi akhe ama-micelles emanzini, anokuhlakazeka okuhle. Amadayi e-polar akha ama-micelles. Ama-molecule ancibilikisayo akha inethiwekhi yokuhambisana phakathi kwama-molecule ukuthuthukisa ukuncibilika, njenge-polyoxyethylene ether noma i-ester. Kodwa-ke, uma i-molecule ye-co-solvent ingenayo iqembu eliqinile le-hydrophobic, umphumela wokuhlakazeka kanye nokuncibilika ku-micelle eyakhiwe yidayi uzoba buthakathaka, futhi ukuncibilika ngeke kwande kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, zama ukukhetha izinyibilikisi eziqukethe izindandatho ze-aromatic ezingakha izibopho ze-hydrophobic namadayi. Isibonelo, i-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, i-polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, nezinye ezifana ne-polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ isihlanzisi se-lignosulfonate
Isihlanzisi sinethonya elikhulu ekuncibilikeni kwedayi. Ukukhetha isihlanzisisi esihle ngokwesakhiwo sedayi kuzosiza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuncibilika kwedayi. Kudayi oncibilika emanzini, idlala indima ethile ekuvimbeleni ukumuncwa okuhlangene (i-van der Waals force) kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwama-molecule edayi. I-Lignosulfonate iyona isihlanzisisi esisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi kukhona ucwaningo ngalokhu eShayina.
Isakhiwo sama-molecule amadayi ahlakazekile asinawo amaqembu aqinile ahlala emanzini, kodwa anamaqembu aphansi kuphela, ngakho-ke anomoya ophansi ohlala emanzini, futhi ukuncibilika kwangempela kuncane kakhulu. Amadayi amaningi ahlakazekile angancibilika emanzini kuphela ku-25℃. 1 ~ 10mg/L.
Ukuncibilika kwamadayi ahlakazekile kuhlobene nalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Isakhiwo sama-molecular
"Ukuncibilika kwamadayi ahlakazekile emanzini kuyanda njengoba ingxenye ye-molecule yedayi engathandi amanzi incipha futhi ingxenye ethanda amanzi (ikhwalithi kanye nenani lamaqembu e-polar) iyanda. Okusho ukuthi, ukuncibilika kwamadayi anesisindo esincane sama-molecule kanye namaqembu e-polar abuthakathaka njenge--OH kanye ne--NH2 kuzoba phezulu. Amadayi anesisindo esikhulu sama-molecule kanye namaqembu ambalwa e-polar abuthakathaka anokuncibilika okuphansi. Isibonelo, i-Disperse Red (I), i-M=321 yayo, ukuncibilika kungaphansi kuka-0.1mg/L ku-25℃, kanti ukuncibilika kungu-1.2mg/L ku-80℃. I-Disperse Red (II), M=352, ukuncibilika ku-25℃ kungu-7.1mg/L, kanti ukuncibilika ku-80℃ kungu-240mg/L.
Isihlanzi
Kudayi oluyimpuphu olusabalele, okuqukethwe kodayi oluhlanzekile ngokuvamile kungama-40% kuya kuma-60%, kanti okunye kungama-dispersant, ama-dustproof agents, ama-protective agents, i-sodium sulfate, njll. Phakathi kwazo, i-dispersant ibala ingxenye enkulu.
I-dispersant (i-diffusion agent) ingamboza izinhlamvu zekristalu ezincane zedayi zibe yizinhlayiya ze-hydrophilic colloidal bese izihlakaza emanzini. Ngemva kokuba ukugcwala kwe-micelle okubalulekile sekudluliwe, ama-micelles nawo azokwakhiwa, okuzonciphisa ingxenye yezinhlayiya zekristalu ezincane zedayi. Uma zincibilikiswa kuma-micelles, kwenzeka into ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuncibilika”, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukuncibilika kwedayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ikhwalithi ye-dispersant iba ngcono futhi ukugcwala kwayo kuphakeme, kulapho umphumela wokuncibilika kanye nokuncibilika uba mkhulu khona.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umphumela wokuncibilika kwe-dispersant kumadayi ahlakazekile ezakhiwo ezahlukene uhlukile, futhi umehluko mkhulu kakhulu; umphumela wokuncibilika kwe-dispersant kumadayi ahlakazekile uyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi, okufana ncamashi nomphumela wokushisa kwamanzi kumadayi ahlakazekile. Umphumela wokuncibilika uphambene.
Ngemva kokuba izinhlayiya zekristalu ezingaphoqeki zedayi ehlakazekile kanye ne-dispersant yakha izinhlayiya ze-colloidal ezihlala emanzini, ukuzinza kwayo kokuhlakazeka kuzothuthuka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlayiya zedayi ezihlala emanzini zidlala indima "yokunikeza" amadayi ngesikhathi senqubo yokudaya. Ngoba ngemva kokuba ama-molecule edayi esimweni sokuhlakazeka emuncwa yi-fiber, idayi "egcinwe" ezinhlayiyeni ze-colloidal izokhishwa ngesikhathi ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi yokuhlakazeka kwedayi.
Isimo sodayi ohlakazekile ekuhlakazekeni
I-molecule ye-dispersant engu-1
I-crystallite edayiwe kabili (ukuncibilika)
I-micelle ehlukanisayo engu-3
I-molecule eyodwa enedayi engu-4 (encibilikisiwe)
5-Udayi wezinhlamvu
Isisekelo se-lipophilic esine-dispersant esingu-6
Isisekelo se-hydrophilic esisabalalisa amanzi esingu-7
I-ion ye-sodium engu-8 (Na+)
Ama-aggregate angu-9 amakristalu edayi
Kodwa-ke, uma "ukuhlangana" phakathi kwedayi kanye ne-dispersant kukhulu kakhulu, "ukunikezwa" kwe-molecule eyodwa yedayi kuzosala ngemuva noma isimo "sokunikezwa sidlula isidingo". Ngakho-ke, kuzonciphisa ngqo izinga lokudaya futhi kulinganise iphesenti lokudaya, okuholela ekudayini okuhamba kancane nombala okhanyayo.
Kungabonakala ukuthi lapho ukhetha futhi usebenzisa ama-dispersant, akufanele kucatshangelwe kuphela ukuqina kokusabalala kwedayi, kodwa futhi nomthelela embala wedayi.
(3) Izinga lokushisa lesisombululo sokudaya
Ukuncibilika kwamadayi ahlakazekile emanzini kuyanda ngokwanda kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi. Isibonelo, ukuncibilika kwe-Disperse Yellow emanzini angu-80°C kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-18 kunaku-25°C. Ukuncibilika kwe-Disperse Red emanzini angu-80°C kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-33 kunaku-25°C. Ukuncibilika kwe-Disperse Blue emanzini angu-80°C kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-37 kunaku-25°C. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lidlula u-100°C, ukuncibilika kwamadayi ahlakazekile kuzokwanda kakhulu.
Nasi isikhumbuzo esikhethekile: le mpahla yokuncibilikisa yamadayi ahlakazekile izoletha izingozi ezifihliwe ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo. Isibonelo, lapho utshwala bedayi bushiswa ngokungalingani, utshwala bedayi obunokushisa okuphezulu bugeleza endaweni lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi khona. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla, utshwala bedayi bugcwala kakhulu, futhi udayi oncibilikisiwe uzoshesha, okubangela ukukhula kwezinhlayiya zekristalu yedayi kanye nokwehla kokuncibilika. , Okubangela ukuncipha kokuthathwa kodayi.
(ezine) ifomu lekristalu ledayi
Amanye amadayi ahlakazekile anesimo se-"isomorphism". Okusho ukuthi, idayi efanayo ehlakazekile, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuhlukene bokuhlakazekela enkambisweni yokukhiqiza, izokwakha izinhlobo eziningana zekristalu, njengezinaliti, izinduku, ama-flakes, ama-granule, namabhulokhi. Enkambisweni yokufaka, ikakhulukazi lapho kudaywa ku-130°C, ifomu lekristalu elingazinzile kakhulu lizoshintsha libe ifomu lekristalu elizinzile kakhulu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifomu lekristalu elizinzile kakhulu linokuncibilika okukhulu, kanti ifomu lekristalu elingazinzile kangako linokuncibilika okuncane. Lokhu kuzothinta ngqo izinga lokumuncwa kodayi kanye nephesenti lokumuncwa kodayi.
(5) Usayizi wezinhlayiya
Ngokuvamile, amadayi anezinhlayiya ezincane anokuncibilika okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okuhle kokusabalala. Amadayi anezinhlayiya ezinkulu anokuncibilika okuncane kanye nokuqina okuncane kokusabalala.
Njengamanje, usayizi wezinhlayiya zamadayi asakazekile asekhaya ngokuvamile u-0.5 ～2.0μm (Qaphela: usayizi wezinhlayiya zokudaya ngokucwilisa udinga u-0.5 ～1.0μm).