Odayi be-Acid, odayi abaqondile kanye nodayi abasebenzayo bonke bangabodayi abancibilika emanzini.Umphumela ngo-2001 wawungamathani angu-30,000, amathani angu-20,000 kanye namathani angu-45,000, ngokulandelana.Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, amabhizinisi ezwe lami agxile kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekucwaningweni kodayi abasha besakhiwo, kanti ucwaningo mayelana nokucutshungulwa kodayi belulokhu luntekenteke kakhulu.Ama-reagents ajwayelekile asetshenziswa odayi abancibilika emanzini ahlanganisa i-sodium sulfate (i-sodium sulfate), i-dextrin, i-starch derivatives, i-sucrose, i-urea, i-naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, njll. Lawa ma-reagents ajwayelekile axutshwa nodayi wangempela ngesilinganiso sokuthola amandla adingekayo Izimpahla, kodwa abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinqubo ezahlukene zokunyathelisa nokudaya embonini yokunyathelisa nokudaya.Nakuba izihlambululi zikadayi ezibalwe ngenhla zinezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, azikwazi ukumanzisa kahle nokuncibilika emanzini, okwenza kube nzima ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe futhi zingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe njengodayi bokuqala.Ngakho-ke, ekuthengiseni amadayi ancibilikayo emanzini, ukumanzisa kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kwamadayi yizindaba ezidinga ukuxazululwa ngokushesha, futhi izithasiselo ezihambisanayo kufanele zithembele kuzo.

Ukwelashwa kokumanzisa kwedayi
Uma sikhuluma nje, ukumanzisa kuwukushintshwa koketshezi (okufanele kube igesi) endaweni ngomunye uketshezi.Ngokukhethekile, i-powder noma isixhumi esibonakalayo se-granular kufanele kube isixhumi esibonakalayo segesi/okuqinile, futhi inqubo yokumanzisa yilapho uketshezi (amanzi) luthatha indawo yegesi ebusweni bezinhlayiya.Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukumanzisa kuyinqubo ebonakalayo phakathi kwezinto ezingaphezulu.Ekudayini ngemuva kokwelashwa, ukumanzisa kuvame ukudlala indima ebalulekile.Ngokuvamile, udayi ucutshungulwa ube yisimo esiqinile, njengempuphu noma i-granule, edinga ukumanziswa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Ngakho-ke, ukumanzisa kwedayi kuzothinta ngqo umphumela wesicelo.Isibonelo, phakathi nenqubo yokuhlakazeka, udayi kunzima ukumanzisa futhi ukuntanta emanzini awuthandeki.Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zekhwalithi kadayi namuhla, ukusebenza kokumanzisa kube esinye sezinkomba zokukala ikhwalithi yamadayi.Amandla angaphezulu kwamanzi angama-72.75mN/m ku-20℃, ehla ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa, kuyilapho amandla angaphezulu kwezinto eziqinile empeleni engashintshile, ngokuvamile angaphansi kuka-100mN/m.Ngokuvamile izinsimbi nama-oxides azo, usawoti we-inorganic, njll. kulula ukumanzisa Okumanzi, okubizwa ngokuthi amandla aphezulu aphezulu.Amandla angaphezulu ezinto eziphilayo eziqinile nama-polymers afana nalawo oketshezi olujwayelekile, olubizwa ngokuthi amandla angaphezulu aphansi, kodwa ashintsha ngosayizi wezinhlayiyana eziqinile nezinga le-porosity.Ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezincane, bukhulu izinga lokubunjwa kwe-porous, kanye nendawo Ukuphakama kwamandla, ubukhulu buncike ku-substrate.Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zedayi kufanele bube buncane.Ngemuva kokuthi udayi ucutshungulwe ngokucutshungulwa kwezentengiselwano njengokukhipha usawoti kanye nokugaya emithonjeni ehlukene, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zikadayi ziba ngcono, i-crystallinity iyancishiswa, futhi isigaba sekristalu siyashintsha, okuthuthukisa amandla angaphezulu kadayi futhi kube lula ukumanzisa.

Ukwelashwa kokuncibilika kodayi be-asidi
Ngokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esincane sokugeza kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudaya obuqhubekayo, izinga lokuzenzekelayo ekunyatheliseni nasekudayeni liye lathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo.Ukuvela kokugcwalisa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nama-pastes, kanye nokwethulwa kwamadayi e-liquid kudinga ukulungiswa kotshwala obudayi bokugxila okuphezulu kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kanye nama-pastes wokuphrinta.Kodwa-ke, ukuncibilika kwamadayi ane-acidic, asebenzayo futhi aqondile emikhiqizweni kadayi wasekhaya cishe ku-100g/L, ikakhulukazi odayi be-asidi.Ezinye izinhlobo zingaba ngu-20g/L kuphela.I-solubility yedayi ihlobene nesakhiwo samangqamuzana odayi.Ukuphakama kwesisindo samangqamuzana kanye namaqembu ambalwa e-sulfonic acid, kuyancipha ukuncibilika;kungenjalo, ephakeme.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucutshungulwa kodayi kubaluleke kakhulu, kufaka phakathi indlela ye-crystallization yedayi, izinga lokugaya, usayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukungezwa kwezithasiselo, njll., okuzothinta ukunyibilika kwedayi.Uma udayi ulula ukwenza i-ionize, kulapho ukuncibilika kwawo kuyanda emanzini.Kodwa-ke, ukuthengiswa kanye nokumiswa kodayi bendabuko kusekelwe enanini elikhulu lama-electrolyte, njenge-sodium sulfate nosawoti.Inani elikhulu le-Na+ emanzini linciphisa ukuncibilika kodayi emanzini.Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa ukuncibilika kodayi abancibilika emanzini, okokuqala ungangezi i-electrolyte kumadayi okuhweba.

Izithasiselo kanye ne-solubility
⑴ Inhlanganisela yotshwala ne-urea cosolvent
Ngenxa yokuthi odayi abancibilika emanzini baqukethe inani elithile lamaqembu e-sulfonic acid kanye namaqembu e-carboxylic acid, izinhlayiya zikadayi zihlukaniswa kalula kusisombululo esinamanzi futhi zithwala inani elithile lokushaja okungalungile.Lapho i-co-solvent equkethe iqembu le-hydrogen bond forming ingeziwe, ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-ion hydrated lwakhiwe ebusweni be-ion edayi, okukhuthaza i-ionization kanye nokuqedwa kwama-molecule odayi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncibilika.Ama-Polyols afana ne-diethylene glycol ether, i-thiodiethanol, i-polyethylene glycol, njll. ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezincibilikisi ezisiza odayi abancibilika emanzini.Ngenxa yokuthi bangakwazi ukwakha isibopho se-hydrogen nodayi, ingaphezulu le-ion likadayi lakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-ion hydrated, oluvimbela ukuhlanganisa kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-intermolecular yama-molecule odayi, futhi kukhuthaze i-ionization kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwedayi.
⑵I-surfactant engeyona i-ionic
Ukwengeza i-surfactant ethile engeyona i-ionic kudayi kungenza buthaka amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-molecule kadayi naphakathi kwama-molecule, kusheshise i-ionization, futhi kwenze ama-molecule odayi akhe ama-micelles emanzini, anokusabalalisa okuhle.Odayi be-polar bakha ama-micelles.Ama-molecule e-solubilizing akha inethiwekhi yokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunyibilika, njenge-polyoxyethylene ether noma i-ester.Kodwa-ke, uma i-molecule ye-co-solvent ingenalo iqembu eliqinile le-hydrophobic, umphumela wokuhlakazeka kanye ne-solubilization ku-micelle eyakhiwe idayi izoba buthakathaka, futhi ukuncibilika ngeke kwande kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, zama ukukhetha ama-solvents aqukethe izindandatho ezinephunga elimnandi ezingakha izibopho ze-hydrophobic ngamadayi.Isibonelo, i-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, nezinye ezifana ne-polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ i-lignosulfonate dispersant
i-disperant inethonya elikhulu ekuncibilikeni kodayi.Ukukhetha i-disperant enhle ngokusho kwesakhiwo sedayi kuzosiza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukunyibilika kwedayi.Kudayi abancibilika emanzini, idlala indima ethile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlangana (i-van der Waals force) kanye nokuhlanganisa phakathi kwama-molecule kadayi.I-Lignosulfonate iyi-dispersant ephumelela kakhulu, futhi kukhona ucwaningo ngalokhu e-China.
Isakhiwo se-molecular of disperse dyes asiqukethe amaqembu aqinile we-hydrophilic, kodwa kuphela amaqembu abuthakathaka abuthakathaka, ngakho-ke kune-hydrophilicity ebuthakathaka kuphela, futhi ukunyibilika kwangempela kuncane kakhulu.Odayi abaningi abahlakazayo bangancibilika kuphela emanzini ku-25℃.1 kuya ku-10mg/L.
Ukuncibilika kodayi abahlakazayo kuhlobene nalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Isakhiwo samangqamuzana
“Ukuncibilika kodayi abahlakazayo emanzini kuyanda njengoba ingxenye ye-hydrophobic ye-molecule kadayi incipha futhi ingxenye ye-hydrophilic (ikhwalithi kanye nenani lamaqembu e-polar) iyanda.Okusho ukuthi, ukuncibilika kwamadayi anesisindo samangqamuzana amancane ahlobene kanye namaqembu abuthaka kakhulu anjenge -OH kanye -NH2 azoba phezulu.Odayi abanesisindo samangqamuzana amakhulu kanye namaqembu amancane abuthaka anokuncibilika okuphansi.Isibonelo, i-Disperse Red (I), i-M=321 yayo, ukuncibilika kungaphansi kuka-0.1mg/L ngo-25℃, futhi ukunyibilika kungu-1.2mg/L ku-80℃.I-Disperse Red (II), M=352, ukuncibilika kokuthi 25℃ kungu-7.1mg/L, futhi ukuncibilika kokungu-80℃ kungu-240mg/L.
Ukuhlakazeka
Kodayi abahlakazekile abayimpuphu, okuqukethwe kodayi abamsulwa ngokuvamile kungama-40% kuya ku-60%, kanti abanye bangama-dispersants, ama-agent angangeni uthuli, ama-agent avikelayo, i-sodium sulfate, njll. Phakathi kwabo, i-disperant akhawunti ngengxenye enkulu.
I-disperant (i-ejenti yokusabalalisa) ingakwazi ukumboza izinhlamvu zekristalu ezinhle zikadayi zibe yizinhlayiya ze-hydrophilic colloidal futhi ziwuhlakaze kahle emanzini.Ngemuva kokuthi ukugxiliswa kwe-micelle okubalulekile kweqiwe, ama-micelles nawo azokwakhiwa, okuzonciphisa ingxenye yezinhlamvu ezincane zekristalu likadayi.Ihlakazwe kuma-micelles, into ebizwa ngokuthi "i-solubilization" iyenzeka, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukunyibilika kwedayi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi engcono ye-dispersant futhi ephakeme ukugxila, i-solubilization kanye nomphumela we-solubilization mkhulu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umphumela we-solubilization we-dispersant kuma-dyes ahlakazekile wezakhiwo ezahlukene uhlukile, futhi umehluko mkhulu kakhulu;umphumela we-solubilization we-dispersant kumadayi ahlakazayo wehla ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi, okufana ncamashi nomphumela wokushisa kwamanzi kumadayi ahlakazayo.Umphumela wokuncibilika uphambene.
Ngemuva kwezinhlayiya zekristalu ye-hydrophobic yedayi ehlakazekile kanye ne-disperant form hydrophilic colloidal particles, ukuzinza kwayo kokusabalalisa kuzothuthukiswa kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlayiya ze-colloidal zikadayi zidlala indima "yokunikeza" odayi phakathi nenqubo yokudaya.Ngenxa yokuthi ngemva kokuba amangqamuzana odayi asesimweni esincibilikisiwe amuncwa i-fiber, udayi “ogcinwe” ezinhlayiyeni ze-colloidal uzokhishwa ngesikhathi ukuze kugcinwe ukulingana kodayi.
Isimo sokuhlakaza udayi ekuhlakazweni
I-molecule engu-1-dispersant
I-crystallite engu-2-Dye (i-solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
I-molecule engu-4-Yedayi eyodwa (encibilikisiwe)
5-Daya okusanhlamvu
I-6-dispersant lipophilic base
I-7-dispersant hydrophilic base
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-aggregates of udayi crystallites
Kodwa-ke, uma "ukubumbana" phakathi kwedayi ne-disperant kukhulu kakhulu, "ukunikezwa" kwe-molecule yedayi eyodwa kuzosala ngemuva noma into "yokuhlinzeka idlula isidingo".Ngakho-ke, izonciphisa ngokuqondile izinga lokudaya futhi ilinganise iphesenti lokudaya, okuholela ekudayeni kancane kanye nombala okhanyayo.
Kungabonakala ukuthi lapho ukhetha futhi usebenzisa ama-dispersants, akufanele nje kucatshangelwe ukuzinza kokuhlakazeka kwedayi, kodwa futhi nomthelela embala wedayi.
(3) Izinga lokushisa lesisombululo sokudaya
I-solubility of disperse dyes emanzini iyanda ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi.Isibonelo, ukunyibilika kwe-Disperse Yellow emanzini angu-80°C izikhathi ezingu-18 kunalokho ku-25°C.Ukuncibilika kwe-Disperse Red emanzini angu-80°C izikhathi ezingu-33 ku-25°C.Ukuncibilika kwe-Disperse Blue emanzini angu-80°C izikhathi ezingu-37 ku-25°C.Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lidlula i-100 ° C, ukuncibilika kodayi abahlakazayo kuzokwanda nakakhulu.
Nasi isikhumbuzo esikhethekile: le ndawo encibilikayo yamadayi ahlakazayo izoletha izingozi ezifihliwe ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo.Isibonelo, lapho utshwala obudayi bushiswa ngokulinganayo, utshwala obudayi obunokushisa okuphezulu bugeleza bufike endaweni lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi.Njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi lincipha, utshwala obudayi buba yi-supersaturated, futhi udayi oncibilikisiwe uzokhuphuka, okubangele ukukhula kwezinhlamvu zekristalu likadayi nokuncipha kokuncibilika., Okuholela ekuncishisweni kokuthatha udayi.
(ezine) ifomu lekristalu likadayi
Abanye odayi abahlakazayo banento ethi "isomorphism".Okungukuthi, udayi ofanayo wokuhlakaza, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuhlukene bokuhlakazeka enqubweni yokukhiqiza, uzokwakha amafomu amaningana e-crystal, njengezinaliti, izinduku, ama-flakes, ama-granules, namabhulokhi.Enqubweni yokufaka isicelo, ikakhulukazi uma udaywa ku-130 ° C, ifomu lekristalu elingazinzile lizoshintsha libe yifomu lekristalu elizinzile.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifomu lekristalu elizinzile linokuncibilika okukhulu, futhi ifomu lekristalu elizinzile linokuncibilika okuncane.Lokhu kuzothinta ngqo izinga lokuthathwa kodayi kanye nephesenti lokuthatha udayi.
(5) Usayizi wezinhlayiya
Ngokuvamile, odayi abanezinhlayiya ezincane banokuncibilika okuphezulu kanye nokuzinza okuhle kokuhlakazeka.Odayi abanezinhlayiya ezinkulu banokuncibilika okuphansi kanye nokungaqini kahle kokuhlakazeka.
Njengamanje, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zodayi abahlakazekayo basekhaya ngokuvamile ungu-0.5～2.0μm (Qaphela: usayizi wezinhlayiyana zokudaya idiphu udinga u-0.5～1.0μm).