Isimo samanje: imboni yezemithi igxile kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali kwezemithi, zezemithi zebhayoloji kanye nezemithi yendabuko yaseShayina, futhi ukukhiqizwa kunezici zemikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezikali zokukhiqiza ezahlukene.
Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa yinqubo yezokwelapha anezici zokugcwala okuphezulu kokungcola, izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubola okungekuhle kanye nobuthi obuphezulu bezinto eziphilayo.
Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokubiliswa kwemithi ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile kuyinselele futhi kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekulawulweni kokungcola embonini yemithi.
Amanzi amdaka okwenziwa ngamakhemikhali ayimbangela enkulu yokungcola okuphuma ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemithi [2].
Amanzi angcolile emithi angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine [3], okungukuthi uketshezi olungcolile kanye noketshezi oluyinyumba enqubweni yokukhiqiza;
Uketshezi olusele olutholakalayo luhlanganisa i-solvent, uketshezi oludingekayo, umkhiqizo ongaphansi, njll.
Ukukhipha amanzi enkambisweni yokusiza njengamanzi okupholisa, njll.
Imishini kanye namanzi angcolile okuhlanza umhlabathi;
Indle yasekhaya.
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi
Ngenxa yezici zamanzi amdaka aphakathi kwemithi njenge-COD ephezulu, i-nitrogen ephezulu, i-phosphorus ephezulu, okuqukethwe usawoti omningi, i-chroma ejulile, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokubola okungekuhle, izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukwelashwa nge-physicochemical kanye nenqubo yokwelashwa nge-biochemical [6].
Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zekhwalithi yamanzi amdaka, kuzosetshenziswa uchungechunge lwezindlela ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ye-physicochemical kanye nenqubo yezinto eziphilayo [7].
Isithombe
1. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali
Njengamanje, izindlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali zokukhiqiza amanzi angcolile ngemithi zifaka: indlela yokuntanta kwegesi, indlela yokujiya kwe-coagulation sedimentation, indlela yokumunca, indlela ye-reverse osmosis, indlela yokushiswa kanye nenqubo ye-oxidation ethuthukisiwe [8].
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuhlanza nge-electrolysis kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali, njengezindlela zokuhlanza nge-FE-C micro-electrolysis kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza nge-MAP zokususa i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi.
1.1 Indlela yokujiya kanye nokufaka inhlabathi
Inqubo yokujiya yinqubo lapho izinhlayiya ezilengisiwe kanye nezinhlayiya ze-colloidal emanzini ziguqulwa zibe yisimo esingazinzile ngokufaka izinto zamakhemikhali bese zihlanganiswa zibe ama-floc noma ama-floc okulula ukuwahlukanisa.
Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe buvame ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwangaphambi kokwelashwa, ekwelashweni okuphakathi kanye nasekuphathweni okuthuthukisiwe kwamanzi angcolile emithi [10].
Ubuchwepheshe bokujiya kanye nokufakwa kwenhlabathi bunezinzuzo zobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, imishini elula, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokugcinwa okulula.
Kodwa-ke, kuzoba khona inani elikhulu lodaka lwamakhemikhali oluzokhiqizwa enkambisweni yokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, okuzoholela ku-pH ephansi yokungcola kanye nokuqukethwe kukasawoti okuphezulu kwamanzi angcolile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bokujiya kanye nokwehliswa kwenhlabathi abukwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile, futhi abukwazi ukususa ngokuphelele ukungcola okunobuthi nokulimazayo emanzini angcolile.
1.2 Indlela yokukhipha imvula ngamakhemikhali
Indlela yokukhipha imvula yamakhemikhali iyindlela yamakhemikhali yokususa ukungcola emanzini angcolile ngokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwezinto ezincibilikayo zamakhemikhali kanye nokungcola emanzini angcolile ukuze kwakheke usawoti ongancibiliki, ama-hydroxide noma izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Amanzi amdaka aphakathi kwemithi avame ukuqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphate kanye ne-sulfate ion, njll. Kulolu hlobo lwamanzi amdaka, indlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni ngokomzimba nangokwekhemikhali ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwenqubo yokwelapha yamakhemikhali elandelayo.
Njengobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokwelapha amanzi, ukuchelela ngamakhemikhali kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthambisa amanzi angcolile.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezihlanzekile kakhulu enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kwamanzi amdaka aphakathi kwemithi, amanzi amdaka avame ukuqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen ne-phosphorus kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, ukusebenzisa indlela ye-magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation kungasusa ngempumelelo izinto ezimbili ezingcolisayo ngasikhathi sinye, i-magnesium ammonium phosphate salt precipitation ekhiqizwe ingaphinde isetshenziswe.
Indlela yokuchithwa kwamakhemikhali ye-Magnesium ammonium phosphate yaziwa nangokuthi indlela ye-struvite.
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-pharmaceutical intermediate, inani elikhulu le-sulfuric acid livame ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo zokusebenzela, kanti i-pH yale ngxenye yamanzi angcolile ingase ibe phansi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile futhi kususwe amanye ama-ion e-sulfate ngasikhathi sinye, indlela yokufaka i-CaO ivame ukusetshenziswa, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yokususa i-chemical precipitation ye-quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 ukumuncwa
Isimiso sokususa ukungcola emanzini angcolile ngendlela yokumunca sibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziqinile ezinezimbobo ukumunca ukungcola okuthile noma okuhlukahlukene emanzini angcolile, ukuze ukungcola emanzini angcolile kususwe noma kuphinde kusetshenziswe.
Ama-adsorbents asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka phakathi i-fly ash, i-slag, i-activated carbon kanye ne-adsorption resin, phakathi kwawo i-activated carbon isetshenziswa kakhulu.
1.4 ukuntanta komoya
Indlela yokuntanta emoyeni inqubo yokwelapha amanzi angcolile lapho amabhamuza amancane ahlakazeke kakhulu esetshenziswa njengabathwali ukuze akhiqize ukunamathela kokungcola emanzini angcolile. Ngenxa yokuthi ubuningi bamabhamuza amancane anamathela kokungcola bungaphansi kobamanzi futhi antanta phezulu, kutholakala ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile noma uketshezi oluketshezi.
Amafomu okuntanta emoyeni afaka phakathi ukuntanta komoya okuncibilikisiwe, ukuntanta komoya ovunguzayo, ukuntanta komoya nge-electrolysis kanye nokuntanta komoya wamakhemikhali, njll. [18], phakathi kwawo ukuntanta komoya wamakhemikhali okufanelekela ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezilengayo.
Indlela yokuntanta emoyeni inezinzuzo zokutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, inqubo elula, ukulungiswa okulula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, kodwa ayikwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile.
1.5 i-electrolysis
Inqubo ye-electrolytic iwukusebenzisa indima yamanje ehlatshwe umxhwele, ikhiqiza uchungechunge lwezimpendulo zamakhemikhali, iguqula ukungcola okuyingozi emanzini angcolile futhi isusiwe, isimiso sokuphendula senqubo ye-electrolytic esenzeka esixazululweni se-electrolyte siwukusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode kanye nokusabela kwe-electrode, ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo omusha wemvelo kanye ne-hydrogen [H] kanye nokungcola kwamanzi angcolile kokusabela kwe-REDOX okwenza ukungcola kususwe.
Indlela ye-electrolysis isebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ilula ekuphatheni amanzi amdaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela ye-electrolysis ingasusa ngempumelelo izinto ezinombala emanzini amdaka futhi ithuthukise ukubola kwamanzi amdaka ngempumelelo.
Isithombe
2. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuxilisa
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe, njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokwelapha amanzi, bunezinzuzo eziningi, njengokusebenza kahle kakhulu kokuwohloka kokungcola, ukuwohloka okujulile kanye ne-oxidation kokungcola kanye nokungabi nokungcola kwesibili.
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe, obaziwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-deep oxidation, buwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obusebenzisa i-oxidizer, ukukhanya, ugesi, umsindo, amandla kazibuthe kanye ne-catalyst ukukhiqiza ama-free radical asebenzayo kakhulu (njenge-·OH) ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola okungokwemvelo okungaphili kahle.
Emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngemithi, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuxilisa sebuyinto ebalulekile ocwaningweni nasekunakweni okukhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe buhlanganisa kakhulu i-electrochemical oxidation, i-chemical oxidation, i-ultrasonic oxidation, i-wet catalytic oxidation, i-photocatalytic oxidation, i-composite catalytic oxidation, i-supercritical water oxidation kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe.
Indlela yokuxova ngamakhemikhali iwukusebenzisa ama-chemical agents ngokwawo noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezine-oxidation enamandla ukuze kuxovangwe izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo emanzini angcolile ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa izinto ezingcolisayo, izindlela zokuxova ngamakhemikhali okuhlanganisa i-ozone oxidation, indlela yokuxova nge-Fenton kanye nendlela yokuxova nge-wet catalytic oxidation.
2.1 Inqubo yokuxiliswa kwe-Fenton
Indlela yokuxilisa i-Fenton uhlobo lwendlela yokuxilisa ethuthukisiwe esetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje. Le ndlela isebenzisa usawoti we-ferric (i-Fe2+ noma i-Fe3+) njenge-catalyst yokukhiqiza i-OH ene-oxidation enamandla ngaphansi kwesimo sokwengeza i-H2O2, engaba nokusabela kwe-oxidation ne-organic pollutions ngaphandle kokukhetha ukufeza ukuwohloka kanye nokumbiwa kwamaminerali kwe-pollution.
Le ndlela inezinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa isivinini sokuphendula okusheshayo, ukungabi nokungcola kwesibili kanye ne-oxidation enamandla, njll. Indlela ye-oxidation ye-Fenton ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi amdaka emithi ngenxa yokusabela kwe-oxidation okungakhethi enkambisweni ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali futhi le ndlela inganciphisa ubuthi bamanzi amdaka nezinye izici.
2.2 Indlela yokuxiliswa kwe-electrochemical
Indlela yokuxova nge-electrochemical iwukusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode ukukhiqiza i-superoxide free radical ·O2 kanye ne-hydroxyl free radical ·OH, zombili ezinomsebenzi ophezulu wokuxova nge-oxidation, zingaxova izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, bese zifeza injongo yokususa ukungcola.
Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inezici zokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphakeme.
2.3 Ukushiswa kwe-Photocatalytic
I-Photocatalytic oxidation iwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obusebenza kahle kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi, obusebenzisa izinto zokulungisa (njenge-TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, njll.) njengezithwali zokulungisa ukuze kufezwe i-catalytic oxidation yeningi lezinto ezingcolisayo ezincishisiwe emanzini amdaka, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa izinto ezingcolisayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lamakhemikhali aqukethwe emanzini angcolile emithi ayizinto ezisemaceleni ane-acidic noma izinto ezisemaceleni ezine-alkaline, izinto ezinjalo zingangcoliswa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ukukhanya.
2.4 Ukushiswa kwamanzi okubucayi kakhulu
I-Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) uhlobo lobuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi obuthatha amanzi njengendlela yokuxhumana futhi busebenzise izici ezikhethekile zamanzi esimweni esibucayi ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusabela nokufeza i-oxidation ephelele yezinto eziphilayo.
2.5 Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe
Zonke izindlela zobuchwepheshe bokuxilisa ezithuthukisiwe zisebenzisa imikhawulo yazo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, uchungechunge lwezindlela zobuchwepheshe bokuxilisa ezithuthukisiwe luhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​​​lwakha inhlanganisela yezindlela zobuchwepheshe bokuxilisa ezithuthukisiwe, noma ubuchwepheshe obubodwa obuthuthukisiwe bokuxilisa obuhlanganiswe nobunye ubuchwepheshe bube ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokuxilisa kanye nomphumela wokwelapha kanye nokuhlangabezana nezinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi ekwelashweni kwamanzi amdaka emithi yesigaba esikhulu.
I-UV-Fenton, i-UV-H2O2, i-UV-O3, i-ultrasonic photocatalysis, i-activated carbon photocatalysis, i-microwave photocatalysis kanye ne-photocatalysis, njll. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-ozone obufundwa kabanzi yilaba [36]:
Inqubo yekhabhoni esebenze nge-ozone, i-O3-H2O2 kanye ne-UV-O3, ngenxa yomphumela wokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka angaphili kanye nokusetshenziswa kobunjiniyela, i-O3-H2O2 kanye ne-UV-O3 zinamandla amakhulu okuthuthukiswa.
Inqubo evamile yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Fenton ihlanganisa indlela ye-micro-electrolysis ye-Fenton, indlela ye-iron filings ye-H2O2, indlela ye-photochemical ye-Fenton (njengendlela ye-solar Fenton, indlela ye-UV-Fenton, njll.), kodwa indlela ye-electric Fenton isetshenziswa kabanzi.
Isithombe
3. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha nge-biochemical
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali yibo ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile, ngokukhula kwamagciwane, imetabolism, ukuzala kanye nezinye izinqubo zokubola izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, ukuthola amandla azo adingekayo nokufeza injongo yokususa izinto eziphilayo.
3.1 Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha i-anaerobic biological butholakala lapho kungekho khona indawo ye-molecule oxygen, ukusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism ye-anaerobic bacteria, ngenqubo ye-hydrolytic acidification, ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen i-acetic acid kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-methane kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuguqula ama-macromolecule, kunzima ukuwohloza izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-CH4, i-CO2, i-H2O kanye nezinto ezincane ze-molecule organic.
Amanzi amdaka emithi yokwenziwa avame ukuqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo eziphikisanayo ezijikelezayo, ezingenakonakaliswa ngokuqondile futhi zisetshenziswe amabhaktheriya e-aerobic, ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe bamanje bokwelapha i-anaerobic sebuyindlela eyinhloko emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka emithi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe [43].
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha nge-anaerobic biological bunezinzuzo eziningi: inqubo yokusebenza kwe-anaerobic reactor ayidingi ukunikeza umoya, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi;
Umthwalo wemvelo wamanzi anamandla e-anaerobic ngokuvamile uphezulu.
Izidingo eziphansi zezakhamzimba;
Isivuno sodaka lwe-anaerobic reactor siphansi, futhi udaka kulula ukulubolisa.
I-Methane ekhiqizwa enqubweni ye-anaerobic ingaphinde isetshenziswe njengamandla.
Kodwa-ke, ukungcola okungenayo i-anaerobic akukwazi ukukhishwa kuze kufike ezingeni elijwayelekile, futhi kudinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinqubo. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha nge-anaerobic buyazwela inani le-pH, izinga lokushisa nezinye izici. Uma ukuguquguquka kukhulu, ukusabela kwe-anaerobic kuzothinteka ngqo, bese kuthi ikhwalithi yokungcola izothinteka.
3.2 Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngebhayoloji ye-aerobic
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngebhayoloji be-aerobic buwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngebhayoloji obusebenzisa ukubola kwe-oxidative kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwebhaktheriya ye-aerobic ukususa izinto eziphilayo ezibolile. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism yezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic, kuzokhiqizwa inani elikhulu lokuzala, okuzokhiqiza udaka olusha olusebenzayo. Udaka olusebenzayo oluningi luzokhishwa ngesimo sodaka olusele, futhi amanzi angcolile azohlanzwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.

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