Isimo samanje: imboni yezemithi igxile ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali kwemithi, imithi yebhayoloji kanye nemithi yendabuko yamaShayina, futhi ukukhiqizwa kunezici zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezikali zokukhiqiza ezihlukene.
Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa inqubo yokwenza imithi anezici zokugxilisa ukungcola okuphezulu, izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubola kwe-biodegradability kanye nobuthi obuphezulu bezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali nokuvutshelwa kwamanzi angcolile okukhiqizwa kwemithi kuwubunzima nephuzu eliyinhloko ekulawuleni ukungcoliswa kwemboni yezemithi.
Amanzi angcolile okwenziwa kwamakhemikhali awukungcola okukhulu okukhishwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemithi [2].
Amanzi angcolile enziwe ngemithi angahlukaniswa cishe abe izigaba ezine [3], okungukuthi uketshezi olungcolile kanye noketshezi olungumama ekukhiqizeni;
Uketshezi olusele olutholakalayo luhlanganisa i-solvent, uketshezi oludingekayo kuqala, umkhiqizo womkhiqizo, njll.
I-axiliary process drainage efana namanzi okupholisa, njll.
Imishini kanye namanzi alahlwayo ashaywa phansi;
Indle yasendlini.
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi
Uma kubhekwa izici zamanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi afana ne-COD ephezulu, i-nitrogen ephezulu, i-phosphorus ephezulu, okuqukethwe kukasawoti omningi, i-chroma ejulile, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradability, izindlela zokwelashwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa ukwelashwa kwe-physicochemical kanye nenqubo yokwelashwa kwe-biochemical [6].
Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zekhwalithi yamanzi angcolile, uchungechunge lwezindlela ezinjengokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ye-physicochemical kanye nenqubo yezinto eziphilayo nazo zizosetshenziswa [7].
Isithombe
1. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali
Njengamanje, izindlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali zamanzi angcolile okukhiqizwa kwemithi zifaka: indlela ye-gas flotation, indlela ye-coagulation sedimentation, indlela ye-adsorption, indlela ye-osmosis ehlehlayo, indlela yokushiswa kanye nenqubo ye-oxidation ethuthukisiwe [8].
Ukwengeza, izindlela ze-electrolysis nezindlela zokuna kwamakhemikhali, njenge-FE-C micro-electrolysis kanye nezindlela ze-MAP zokukhipha i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi.
1.1 Indlela ye-coagulation kanye ne-sedimentation
Inqubo ye-coagulation iyinqubo lapho izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye nezinhlayiya ze-colloidal emanzini ziguqulwa zibe yisimo esingazinzile ngokungeza ama-chemical agents abese ehlanganiswa abe ama-flocs noma ama-flocs okulula ukuwahlukanisa.
Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe buvame ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwangaphambili, ukwelashwa okuphakathi kanye nokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe kwamanzi angcolile emithi [10].
Ubuchwepheshe be-coagulation kanye ne-sedimentation bunobuhle bobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, imishini elula, ukusebenza okuzinzile nokugcinwa okulula.
Kodwa-ke, kuzoba nenani elikhulu lodaka lwamakhemikhali oluzokhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe, okuzoholela ekubeni ibe ne-pH ephansi yamanzi angcolile kanye nosawoti omningi uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi angcolile.
Ukwengeza, ubuchwepheshe be-coagulation kanye ne-sedimentation abukwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile, futhi abukwazi ukususa ngokuphelele ukungcola okuyingozi nokuyingozi emanzini angcolile.
1.2 Indlela yokuna amakhemikhali
Indlela ye-Chemical precipitation indlela yamakhemikhali yokukhipha ukungcola emanzini angcolile ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-agent amakhemikhali ancibilikayo kanye nokungcola emanzini angcolile ukuze kwakheke usawoti ongancibiliki, ama-hydroxides noma izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Amanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi ngokuvamile aqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphate ne-sulfate ions, njll. Kulolu hlobo lwamanzi angcolile, indlela yemvula yamakhemikhali ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwangaphambili ngokomzimba namakhemikhali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwenqubo yokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ezilandelayo.
Njengobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokuhlanza amanzi, imvula yamakhemikhali ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthambisa amanzi angcolile.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ahlanzekile ekukhiqizeni amanzi angcolile aphakathi kwemithi, amanzi angcolile ngokuvamile aqukethe i-ammonia nitrogen ne-phosphorus nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation method kungasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola okubili ngasikhathi sinye. isikhathi, elakhiwe magnesium ammonium phosphate usawoti kwezulu kungenziwa kabusha.
I-Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation method yaziwa nangokuthi indlela ye-struvite.
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza yemithi ephakathi, inani elikhulu le-sulfuric acid livame ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo zokusebenzela, futhi i-pH yale ngxenye yamanzi angcolile ingase ibe phansi.Ukuze uthuthukise inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile futhi ukhiphe amanye ama-ion e-sulfate ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokwengeza i-CaO ivame ukusetshenziswa, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yemvula yamakhemikhali ye-quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 i-adsorption
Umgomo wokukhipha ukungcola emanzini angcolile ngendlela ye-adsorption ubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziqinile ezinezimbobo ukukhangisa ukungcola okuthile noma okuhlukahlukene emanzini angcolile, ukuze ukungcola okusemanzini angcolile kususwe noma kugaywe kabusha.
Ama-adsorbent asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa okufana nomlotha wempukane, i-slag, i-activated carbon kanye ne-adsorption resin, okukhona phakathi kwayo okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ikhabhoni ecushiwe.
1.4 ukuntanta komoya
Indlela yokuntanta komoya iyinqubo yokwelapha amanzi angcolile lapho amabhamuza amancane ahlakazeke kakhulu asetshenziswa njengabathwali ukuze bakhiqize ukunamathela kokungcolisa amanzi emanzini angcolile.Ngenxa yokuthi ukuminyana kwamabhamuza amancane anamathela kukungcola kuncane kunokwamanzi futhi antanta phezulu, ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile-oketshezi noma okuwuketshezi kuyabonakala.
Amafomu okuntanta komoya ahlanganisa ukuntanta komoya oncibilikisiwe, ukuntanta komoya okune-aerated, ukuntanta komoya kwe-electrolysis kanye nokuntanta komoya kwamakhemikhali, njll. [18], phakathi kwawo ukuntanta komoya wamakhemikhali kulungele ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento emisiwe.
Indlela ye-Air flotation inezinzuzo zokutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, inqubo elula, ukugcinwa okulula nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, kodwa ayikwazi ukususa ngokuphumelelayo ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile.
1.5 i-electrolysis
Inqubo ye-Electrolytic iwukusetshenziswa kwendima yamanje ehlaba umxhwele, ikhiqize uchungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali, iguqule ukungcola okuyingozi emanzini angcolile futhi isusiwe, isimiso sokusabela senqubo ye-electrolytic eyenzeka kusixazululo se-electrolyte kungenxa yezinto ze-electrode kanye nokusabela kwe-electrode, ukukhiqiza okusha kwemvelo. i-oksijeni yemvelo ne-hydrogen [H] kanye nokungcola kwamanzi angcolile okusabela kwe-REDOX kwenza ukususwa okungcolile.
Indlela ye-electrolysis inokusebenza okuphezulu nokusebenza okulula ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela ye-electrolysis ingasusa ngokuphumelelayo izinto ezinemibala emanzini angcolile futhi ithuthukise ngempumelelo i-biodegradability yamanzi angcolile.
Isithombe
2. Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe, njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlanza amanzi, bunezinzuzo eziningi, njengokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokucekelwa phansi kwezinto ezingcolisayo, ukuwohloka okuphelele kanye nokukhishwa kwe-oxidation yezinto ezingcolisayo futhi akukho ukungcoliswa kwesibili.
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe, obaziwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-deep oxidation, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha bomzimba namakhemikhali obusebenzisa i-oxidizer, ukukhanya, ugesi, umsindo, uzibuthe kanye ne-catalyst ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-radicals mahhala asebenza kakhulu (njenge ·OH) ukuze alulaze ukungcola kwe-organic refractory.
Emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngemithi, ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe buye baba okugxilwe kukho kocwaningo olubanzi nokunaka.
Ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe ikakhulukazi buhlanganisa i-electrochemical oxidation, i-chemical oxidation, i-oxidation ye-ultrasonic, i-oxidation emanzi ye-catalytic, i-photocatalytic oxidation, i-composite catalytic oxidation, i-supercritical water oxidation kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-oxidation.
Indlela ye-Chemical oxidation iwukusebenzisa ama-agent amakhemikhali ngokwawo noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezine-oxidation eqinile ukuze i-oxidize ukungcola okuphilayo emanzini angcolile ukuze kuzuzwe inhloso yokukhipha ukungcola, izindlela ze-chemical oxidation ezihlanganisa i-ozone oxidation, indlela ye-Fenton oxidation kanye nendlela ye-catalytic oxidation emanzi.
2.1 Inqubo ye-Fenton oxidation
Indlela ye-Fenton oxidation iwuhlobo lwendlela ye-oxidation ethuthukisiwe esetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje.Le ndlela isebenzisa usawoti ovundile (i-Fe2+ noma i-Fe3+) njenge-catalyst ukukhiqiza ·OH nge-oxidation eqinile ngaphansi kwesimo sokwengeza i-H2O2, engase ibe nokusabela kwe-oxidation ngokungcola kwe-organic ngaphandle kokukhetha ukufeza ukuwohloka kanye namaminerali okungcola.
Le ndlela inezinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa isivinini sokusabela okusheshayo, akukho ukungcoliswa kwesibili kanye ne-oxidation enamandla, njll. Indlela ye-Fenton oxidation ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni kwamanzi angcolile ngenxa ye-non-elective oxidation reaction in the process of chemical oxidation and the way can reduce the ubuthi bamanzi angcolile nezinye izici.
2.2 Indlela ye-Electrochemical oxidation
Indlela ye-Electrochemical oxidation iwukusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode ukuze kukhiqizwe i-superoxide free radical ·O2 kanye ne-hydroxyl free radical ·OH, kokubili okunomsebenzi ophezulu we-oxidation, ingakwazi ukwenza i-oxidize into ephilayo emanzini angcolile, bese ifinyelela inhloso yokukhipha ukungcola.
Nokho, le ndlela inezici zokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphezulu.
2.3 I-Photocatalytic oxidation
I-Photocatalytic oxidation iwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obusebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa kubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi, obusebenzisa izinto ezikhuthazayo (ezifana ne-TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, njll.) njengezinkampani ezithwala i-catalytic ukwenza i-catalytic oxidation yeningi lokunciphisa ukungcola emanzini angcolile, ukuze ukufeza inhloso yokususa izinto ezingcolisayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanganisela eziningi eziqukethwe emanzini angcolile emithi ziyizinto ezipholile ezinamaqembu ane-acidic noma izinto ezipholile ezinamaqembu e-alkaline, izinto ezinjalo zingonakaliswa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ngokukhanya.
2.4 I-Supercritical water oxidation
I-Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) iwuhlobo lobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza amanzi obuthatha amanzi njengendawo ephakathi futhi busebenzise izici ezikhethekile zamanzi esimweni esibucayi kakhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusabela kanye nokuqaphela i-oxidation ephelele yento ephilayo.
2.5 Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-oxidation
Bonke ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-oxidation busebenzisa ukulinganiselwa kwakho, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, uchungechunge lobuchwepheshe be-oxidation obuthuthukisiwe buhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​​​bumbe inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe be-oxidation obusezingeni eliphezulu, noma ubuchwepheshe obuphambili be-oxidation obuhlanganiswe nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusha. ubuchwepheshe bokwenza ngcono ikhono le-oxidation kanye nomphumela wokwelapha kanye nokuhlangabezana nezinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi ekilasini elikhulu lokwelashwa kwamanzi alahlwe yimithi.
I-UV-Fenton, i-UV-H2O2, i-UV-O3, i-ultrasonic photocatalysis, i-activated carbon photocatalysis, i-microwave photocatalysis kanye ne-photocatalysis, njll.
Inqubo yekhabhoni ecushiwe ye-ozone, i-O3-H2O2 ne-UV-O3, kusukela emthelela wokwelapha wamanzi angcolile e-refractory kanye nesicelo sobunjiniyela, i-O3-H2O2 ne-UV-O3 inamandla amakhulu okuthuthuka.
Inqubo evamile yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Fenton ihlanganisa indlela ye-micro-electrolysis ye-Fenton, indlela ye-iron filings H2O2, indlela ye-photochemical Fenton (njengendlela ye-solar Fenton, indlela ye-UV-Fenton, njll.), kodwa indlela ye-Fenton kagesi isetshenziswa kabanzi.
Isithombe
3. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngamakhemikhali
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo buwubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile, ngokukhula kwamagciwane, i-metabolism, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kanye nezinye izinqubo zokubola izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, bathole amandla abo adingekayo futhi bafeze inhloso yokususa izinto eziphilayo.
3.1 Ubuchwepheshe be-Anaerobic biological treatment
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic bukhona lapho ingekho indawo yomoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana, ukusetshenziswa kwe-anaerobic bacteria metabolism, ngenqubo ye-hydrolytic acidification, ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen acetic acid kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-methane nezinye izinqubo zokuguqula ama-macromolecules, okunzima ukwehlisa izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-CH4, CO2. , i-H2O kanye ne-molecular organic matter encane.
Amanzi angcolile okwenziwa ngamakhemisi avame ukuqukatha inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo eziyi-cyclic refractory, ezingakwazi ukwehliswa ngokuqondile futhi zisetshenziswe amagciwane e-aerobic, ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe bamanje bokwelapha i-anaerobic buye baba yindlela eyinhloko emkhakheni wokwelapha amanzi angcolile ngemithi ekhaya naphesheya [43] .
I-Anaerobic biological treatment technology inezinzuzo eziningi: inqubo yokusebenza kwe-anaerobic reactor ayidingi ukuhlinzeka nge-aeration, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi;
Umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo wamanzi anethonya le-anaerobic ngokuvamile uphakeme.
Izidingo eziphansi zomsoco;
Isivuno se-sludge se-anaerobic reactor siphansi, futhi udaka kulula ukuqeda amanzi.
I-methane ekhiqizwa ohlelweni lwe-anaerobic ingaphinda isetshenziswe njengamandla.
Kodwa-ke, amanzi alahlwa yi-anaerobic awakwazi ukuchithwa aze afike ezingeni elijwayelekile, futhi adinga ukuphathwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinqubo.Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ye-anaerobic buzwela inani le-pH, izinga lokushisa nezinye izici.Uma ukuguquguquka kukukhulu, ukusabela kwe-anaerobic kuzothinteka ngokuqondile, bese kuthi izinga lamanzi angcolile lithinteke.
3.2 Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerobic biological treatment
Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerobic biological treatment ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha bebhayoloji obusebenzisa ukubola kwe-oxidative kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganisa kwebhaktheriya ye-aerobic ukususa izinto eziphilayo ezonakele.Ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye ne-metabolism yezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic, kuzokwenziwa inani elikhulu lokuzala, elizokhiqiza udaka olusha olucushiwe.Udaka olucushiwe oludlulele luzokhishwa ngendlela yodaka olusele, futhi amanzi angcolile azohlanzwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.

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